I. Ottoman Empire
Sick man of Europe>>> OTTOMAN EMPIRE
1) 1800s Ottoman Empire had declined
2) 1805- Egyptian Independence
3) 1815- Serbian Independence>>> Slavic Revolts
4) 1829- Greek Independence
Russia attack Ottoman
Eastern Question: Control? Who will control aftermath?
1908-Young Turks > Reformers
- Forced sultan to return Empire to constitutional rule
1909
-Military officers over throw Sultan
-Begin period of reform and modernization
-Most minority gone>> Ottoman began embracing Turkish Nationalism
-Leads to period of chaos>>> Sultan back to power
Too many nationalities, downfall affected the world
II. Italian Unification
A. Special Awareness and loyalty to nation
B. Members
Count Cavour>>>Head (Prime Minister of Piedmont)
Suicidal
Piedmont Sardinia
Giuseppi Garibaldi>>>Sword
Loves fighting--lived in Staten Island at one point
Giuseppi Mazzini>>>Heart
King Victor Emmanuel>>>Leader
C. Crimean War
Russia fighting Ottoman Empire
Britain, France, Italy, kicks out Austria.
Piedmont gained Lombardy--Stage One (Sardinian War)
D. Austro-Prussian War
Austria loses control over Venetia (Venize)
Venetia annexed to Italy
City of Magenta painted in blood (Where color came from)
Italy is Unified
E. Risorimento: Movement for liberation and political unification of Italy (1750-1870)
F. Cavour is first person to take over and provide the necessary leadership to unify Italy. Invested in Economic Expansions in order to provide weapons for Piedmont’s large larmy. Alligned w/ French against Austria. Overthrewn Austrian rule in Northern Italy AKA Piedmont.
G. Garibaldi is Italian Patriot in S. Italy raised army of 1000 volunteers named Red Shirts. Went to Sicily and after to the mainland and whent onto Italian Peninsula. Naples and Kingdom of Two Sicilies fell. Garibaldi turned over conquest to Cavour’s Piedmont and became centralized
III. German Unification
A. German Confederation
1. 39 states populated by German speaking ppl
2. Alliance of Independent States
3. Divided religiously united culturally
4. Dominated by Austrian Empire (ruled by German speakers)
B. Early Attempts at Unification
1. Zollverein (1834) =economic alliance
a. Set standard monetary system
b. Reduced tariffs btwn German states
2. Frankfurt Assembly (1848)
a. 1st attempt at political unity
b. Germany offer Prussia king, king refused (think of self center Prussia, if you know Hetalia)
C. Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898)
1. Named Prussian Chancellor in 1882
2. Realpolitik- realistic politics utilized for benefit of state
3. "Blood and Iron": Use of militarism and war to unify Germany
D. Steps to get there
1. The Danish War (1864): Prussia and Austria take German speaking
2. The Austrian-Prussian War (1866): 7 week war, Prussia defeated Austria, Prussia now unquestioned leader, 21/39 Germanic States unified
3. Creation of N. German Confederation (1867): Bismarck eliminated the ?????????, Treaty of Prague
4. EM Dispatch (1870) Catalyst for war, Bismarck forged a telegraph insulting Napoleon III, Seemed like it was Kaiser(It was Bismarck) and "manufactured a war"
5. Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871): Prussia takes German Provinces of Alsace and Lorraine, united remaining Germanic states, French is bankrupted by this
E. Grimm Brothers: 1855--Germany is land of Fairy tales.
F. 1st Reich is Holy Roman Empire, 2nd is German Conferation
IV. Austrian Empire
Lost Alliances, Can't control Nationalist Revolts within itself.
By the 19th Century, Austrian Empire included many national minorities, (Hungarians, Slavs, Romanians, etc.)
25% of Population was German
Weakened by Italian and German Unification
Everyone was fighting Austria... 2 big wars.
Lost $, Lost Population, Sent inspiration.
Hapsburg (Austrian house) agreed to Dual Monarchy (1867) Ausgleich (Comprmise of 1867)
1. Emperor Francis Joseph felt threaten by Hungarian (Magyar) nationalist movement
2. Empress Elisabeth of Austria, Queen of Hungary-Beloved by people, murder by Anarchist
3. Emperor loves Elisabeth but Elisabeth, not really....
Otto von Bismarck predicted WWI (tension)
V. Social Darwinism
Racist
White Men's Burden
Needed to Educate the Mass.
VI. Old Imperialism VS New Imperialism
Colony: A country or a region governed internally by foreign power
Protectorate: A country or territory with its own internal gov't but undercontrol of outside
Sphere of Influence: An area in which an outside power claims exclusive investments/ trading privileges
Economic Imperialism: Independent by less developed nations controlled by private business interests rather than by other gov't
Indirect Control: Local gov't official used, Limited self-rule, Goal: to develop future leaders, Gov't institution based on European styles but may have local rules
Direct Control: Foreign Officials brought in to rule, no self rule, assimilation, gov't institutions are based on European styles
Old Imperialism (1450-1650)
|
New Imperialism (1870-1914)
|
"Glory, God, Gold"
Sought new routes to Asia and trading post
Luxury Goods, items
Sought labor and slavery
|
"Christianity, Commerce and Civilization
Sought new markets for Manufacturing
Sought military bases and naval bases
Natural Resources
Refueling Station
Outlet for growing population
|
Coastal Africa
Coastal Asia and Island
North and South America
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Entire Sub-Saharan Africa
S and SE Asia
China Sphere of Influences
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Portugal
Spain
France
England
Dutch
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England
France
Germany
US
Italy
Russia
Belgium
|
How did the IR influence imperialism?
New Markets for Goods produced in Europe
Need for Raw Material (Rubber and Oil) PALM OIL
Bases for supply and refueling
Need land for excess population (remember, industrialization leads to population expansion)
How did Nationalism influence imperialism?
Industrialized countries are competing economically against each other
Colonies become "Badges of Prestige"
What helped the imperialist to control so much territory?
Railroad, Telegraph, Canal, Steamboat, Medical Advancement
VII. Egypt
Egyptian-French collaboration: Attempt by French to access the East
The British bought the Suez Canal, as French was bankrupted
British bought the French Debt; sent troops to Egypt to produce the Egyptian Pasha w/ economic advice
Lord Cromer: Ruler of Egypt
5000 troops were Egyptian
VIII. Belgian Congo
Belgian Congo-Democratic Republic of Congress
Belgian King Leopold II (r. 1865-1909)
Plantation Agriculture: Harvesting Rubber
Disruption of tradition: Gender roles, Tribal class structure
Forced off land by taxes and onto plantation
Creation of a impoverished African working class, Impoverish working class, "Punishing Lazy" workers
IX. South Africa & the Rest of Africa
A. Dutch
1. 1652-Establish Cape Colonies
2. Began as a base on route to S.E. Asia
3. Descendents of Dutch Settlers (Boers)
Cecil Rhodes (1853-1902)???
B. British
1. 1815: Take Cape Colony
2. 1836-1838: "Great Trek"
-Boer Migration: partly because British abolished slavery in Empire
3. Boer War (1899-1902) British War
4. Diamond (1860s), Gold (1880s)
British moves North.
C. Impact of British Rule
1. British capital pours in
2. Unites entire S. African colony (Union of Africa)
3. Huge need for African leaders
4. Native Lands Act (1923): Black prohibits from officially settling in cities, men must carry a "pass" issued by employers
D. Berlin Conference (1884-1885)
1. Principle of Notification: Notifying other powers of territorial annexation
2. Principle of Effective Occupation to validate the annexation
3. Freedom of Trade in Congo Basin
4. Freedom of Navigation on the Niger and Congo River
5. Freedom of Trade to All Europeans
How might the Berlin Conference disrupt African life?
Grouping a bunch of Africans that dislike each other leads to internal conflict as different tribes are with different civilization
Who are the Signatory Powers?
The European countries that have took over a part of Africa "European superpowers"
What was the relationship btwn African nations and the nations of Europe?
The European dominate and "change lives for the better" and "civilize the barbarians/supervise"
How did Africans resist imperialism?
"Scramble for African"
All were decentralized states with the exception of Ethiopia
Modernized, Emperor Mendik I was able to resist Italian Imperialism and Expand as they had weapons
Remained independent: Liberia (Founded by American slaves)
X. India
Disraeli: Prime Minister
1765: Local Control >>>>1857: British East India control
Trading Post> Not a total take over> Becomes one
Spices, Textile (Silk), Central Area (China)
Corporate Imperialism (1650-1857)
Deals w/ Mughal princes for ports
French eliminated after 7 Year War (1758-1765)
Demand more control over trade, taxes, when Indians rules resist (GUNS)
Gradual control> Princes are official rulers--however they are barely an image
India at this point is India, Burma, Pakistan, Bangladesh
Different languages, cultures--some against violence
Lack of weapons/ defencse
Religious Conflict
Easy maritime access
British already in India
Mughal Empire is falling apart
Caste system
When Akbar the Great dies, religious toleration falls apart
Why was India important to Britain and the British East India Company?
-Growing importance to British due to Opium Trade
-Laws to prevent export of manufactured goods to England (18th C.)
-Laws to forced Indians to buy only British goods-mercantilism (19th C.)
-Laws handling over land to big landlords for cash crops and tax renevues
-Cotton and jute (rope)
-Forced to poverty
-Weaker
-Territorial conflict
-Forced to be tenants, small farmers are kicked out
-Indian textile destroyed
-Exploitation of Resources-Benefits only British
Why did Britain take over from the British East India Company?
Sepoy Mutiny: May 10th 1857 to June 20th 1858
> Early anti-imperialist rebellions
Dissatisfied elements:
>Former Indian rules and aristocrats
>Peasantry/soldiers
>Diverse leaders with egaliterian claims but local in scale, no national unity
>British use Sikhs to overcome Hindus and Muslims
Pitting of Hindus VS. Muslims VS. Sikhs
Pitting of one caste against another: Degradation of the caste system
Sepoys discover that grease to load the guns is really pigs and beef
Many Indians don't eat Pork or Beef
Mutiny didn't separate> too centralized
Changes to Economy
Industrialization
Low wage laborers
End of cottage industry
Plantation agriculture: Peasant Farmers
Political and economic unity of Inida
Improve infrastructure: Trains, Roads, Bridges
Suttee: Outlawed it>>> Burned alive w/ a dead husband
Banned female infanticide
A small group of Indians are educated as Englishmen to assist English administrator
XI. Qing China
Opium War (1839-1842): Superior British technology but atk on only a few city; Emperor submits rather than risk a widened war
-19th Century Hong Kong and Shanghai is seized by the British
-All ports are opened to Europeans: End of “Canton System” of supervising trade
-Free trade in China- Chinese gov’t loses right to make economical
decisions-protect infant industries: Monopolies start up
-Because labor was so cheap & productive, no pressure to industrialize &
modernize; Confucianism scorns merchants as “unproductive”--commerce is exploitative
Queen Victoria: INTERNATIONAL DRUG KINGPIN (Done illegally)
Forcing drugs by GUNS
Social Structure of China:
Emperor>>>Scholar>>>Landowners>>> Peasants>>> Craftsmen>>>Merchants>>> Actors
Lack of Capital: European colonials profit allowed them to spurt ahead. Few resources advantages (coal and iron) far from cities
As decline start, anti-Manchu & anti-Han views split empire
Why were they reluctant to modernize?
No financial need-- “center of the world”, they would be adopting barbarians’ ways; adverse social change
Benefits of Confucianism
-Civil Service Exam> Best and Brightest
-Healthy Society >> PEACE
-Creates order to society (Everyone knows their place)
It was the Qing Empire of China VS the 8 Nation Alliance (UK, Russia, Japan, France, US, Germany, Italy, Austria Hungary)
Taiping Rebellion (1853-1864): Hong Xiuquan
Hong Xiuquan believed he was BROTHER OF JESUS
Christian /Millennial in nature-- Anti-confucian; anti hierarchical; anti Manchu
Egalitarian: Land redistribution by family sizes; community holdings
Equality for women.
Dungan Rebellion (1862-1877)
Muslim peasant revolts in far western areas against chinese landlords and gov’t taxation
“Self Strengthening Movement” 1870s
“Chinese learning at the base, western learning for the use”
Use the gov’t to promote economic and military reform, industrialization
Main Confucian traditions, institutions
“East for essence, West for practical use”
“Hundred Days Reform” 1898
Modernizing the traditional exam system
Elimination of sinecures (positions that provide little or no work w/ salary)
Creation of modern education system (studying math and science instead of focusing mainly on Confucian texts, etc. )
Change gov’t from absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy w/ democracy
Follows loss to Japan in 1895 war
Reform of Confucian examination system; promises technological change
Threatens entrenched forces- derailed by Confucian officials allied to Empress
Cixi
Why did the Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901) break out?
Anti-Foreigner, Anti-Western, Anti-Christian
Nationalist Movement founded by the “Harmonious Fist”
Believe they are immune to bullets
Results: A lot of ppl died (over 100,000 ppl)
Elites Objection because of capitalism, less power, and rigged exams
The Last Emperor of China
Empress Dowager Cixi died on 1908
Puyi becomes emperor at age 2
1911: Perfect time for revolt
XII. Nationalist of China
Why did the Qing Dynasty Fall?
The Opium War, Sphere of Influence, Taiping Rebellions, Sino-Japanese War (1894),
Failure of Self-Strengthening Movement, Boxer Rebellions which lead to Indemnity
Payments to 8 Alliances, Dowager Empress agrees to change a little too late, Reformers frustrated by slow reforms, still high taxes and resentment of lower class
>>>NATIONAL HUMILIATION
Sun Yat-Sen
Reformer educated in West, Was in America during time of revolution, founded a
Chinese republic when he returned, became provisional president in 1912
3 Principles of the People (1905)
Principle of Nationalism
Principle of Democracy
5 Folds of Power--Legislative, Judicial, and Executive + Examination and
Censoring
Principle of People’s Livelihood
The Republic was weak though
-Bad infrastructure (lack of roads), no standardization (weights), poor banking system, feudal landords, don’t want to give up power, lack of organization
-Sun Yat-Sen forced to resign and General Yuan Shikai takes over
-A series of Gov’t follow until Chinese Civil War
XIII. Japan
-Weak military, Financial okay, taken over by imperialism, conservative, strategic geography, debating modernization, corrupt gov’t, isolated (mt., island, lack of resources”
Meiji Era (1862-1912)
Commodore Matthew Perry
United States is more powerful at the time
Can make Japan open up, on the way to China, military strategy steps, cooling station, more trading partners, alliance, haven for shipwrecked sailors
“To be enlightened, you must modernize”
Japan does selective modernize
Popular boardgame
Start by leaving Japn and studying various Western Capitals
Zaibatsu: Conglomerate of Industrial _______daimyo lead industry
Diet: The Lower house which has equal power as the upper house, consisting of elected officials
-Townsend Harris’s negotiation for the opening of several ports to US trade and residence, exchanging of ministers and granting extraterritorial priveleges for US residence in Japan
-Japan adopted imperialism as they felt vulnerable as their economy is weaker, territory is small, lacking in resources, and densely populated. There is also no natural outlet for expansion
-Fought Russia for Korea. Japan won even with a weaker armed military. Russia has difficult logistical problem along its new Trans-Siberian Railway and severe political instability
IX. US Imperialism
Roots of American Imperialism:
Admiral Alfred T. Mahan
1. America needs a large navy
2. American commerce needs protection
3. America needs naval bases for refueling
4. 1890-US is 3rd naval power, 2nd by 1906
-Mechanization: Need for New Markets
To keep islands out of Europe/Japanese hands
Social Darwinism
1. Defense>Navy> Stability
2. Balance of Power> Even colonial distribution
3. Social Darwinism
Hawaii: by 1880s> Sugar is 75% of wealth
1887: Hawaii king was forced to sign new constitution and allow a naval base at Pearl Harbor
1891: Queen Lil makes new constitution
1893: Revolution: Planters dispose Queen
1898: US Annex Hawaii
McKinley and the War
agnaized about the decision to go to war.
Feared that the taking of colonies would betray America’s commitment to representative
gov’t
Not sure whether US can be both Democracy and Empire
Secretary of State: John Hay
-Splendid Little War
-Better for US than Cuba and Filipines
Spanish American War:
Cuba
1. 2nd War of Independence (1895)
2. General Valeriano “The Butcher” Weyler is sent by Spain to restore order
300,000 Cubans to concentration camps
1000s died of hunger and disease
December 1897: Spanish Ambassador to US wrote a letter home that described President McKinley in insulting terms. Called him “weak” and a “would be politician, wannabe” who follow public opinion than shape it. Increased Anti-Spanish feeling in America
The Maine
Feb 15,1898: Explosions aboard sinks ship, killing 260, cause is unknown by Yellow Journalism blames Spain
April 20,1898: Congress declares war
Treaty of Paris of 1998
1. Cuba becomes independent
2. US gets Puerto Rico and Guam
3. US pays Spain $20 Million for Philippines
Cuban Independence
1900: Cuba draft constitution
1901: Platt Amendments US demands
a. no treaties w/ foreign nations that might weaken Cuban independence
b. No territory give to foreign nations
c. US may intervene at anytime
d. Guantanamo Bay to US leased in perpetuity (forever)
Filipino American War (1898-1902)
-Emilio Aguinaldo declares independence and resisted to US rule
-200,000 American troops sent to end uprising
-”Kill everyone over ten”
-Cost America $400 Million and 4,300 soldiers
-20,000-60,000 Filipino killed
-Philippines granted Independence in 1946
Taft-Katsura Agreement (1905)
Agreement affirmed that US and Japan would not change territorial status quo in Asia
America could have the Phillippines, Japan could have Korea.
Root-Takahira Agreement (1908)
The agreement re-affirmed that the US and Japan would not change territorial status quos in Asia
America could have Hawaii and Phillipines; Japan could have NE China (Manchuria) and Korea.
Roosevelt: Monroe Doctrine of 1823, not colonizing Latin America, Balance of Power
“Speak softly but carry a big stick”
Theedore Roosevelt and Panama Canal (Realpolitik)
Panama used to be federation of Colombia
Colombia didn’t want the Panama Canal to be built
US supported Panamaian Independence and got the canal when Panama was country
Dollar Diplomacy’s Goal
Less use of the Big Stick
More mutually profitable economic relations w/ foreign nations
Common investments would lead to cooperation, prosperity and peace
Nations that trade with each other and invest in each other, do not shoot at each other
Simple and Modern
US Businesses
UFCO (United Fruit Company) flooded Central America
Banana and Sugar Monopolies
By WWI, UFCO controls 65% of banana exports to US
El Pulpo
Owns land of Panama, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Cuba, Honduras
3 million acres of land by 1930s-given for free majority of land
Deal: To build infrastructure and to expand tax base of each countries
Banana Republic: Neologism
-Agricultural (monoculture), plutocratic, oligarchic, kleptocratic, dictatorial, servile
US Imperialism is Economic Imperialism
It is not 100% done as I know I missed some important phrases....
But Oh. The treaty of Nanjing
Learn about it. ^ took me forever~ (10 Pages is a lot of work... especially if its by yourself and you have other work to do)
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