Issue 12: SS midterm

Much Thanks to Em!...(sorry i couldn't upload the pics, ill do that by the weekend)
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1I6BaOFSQ2atPp6mkJDhqdAer5Y-ugxPw24HObsjx3jc/edit

3.20.2012 ISSUE 12: SOCIAL STUDIES MID TERM
Made by Miyu, Em, Kathy
Main Idea:
1. President Harding promised a return to peace and prosperity.2. Calvin Coolidge supported a pro-business agenda
3. American business boomed in the 1920s
4. In 1928, Americans elected Herbert Hoover, hoping he would help good financial times continue,
Big Idea:
American Industries Boomed in the 1920s,  changing many ways of Americans’ way of Life

-1920s> Presidential Election approaches, there was economic difficulties were bad news for democrats.
-Many people blamed democrats for bad times
The Republicans looked for a candidate who would offer new hope for Americans
They chose:
 -Warren G. Harding- senator from Ohio
 -Calvin Coolidge- Governor of Massachusetts
Harding based his campaign strategy on a promise to return the country to stability and prosperity, “normalcy”
Democrats believed that there was still support for Wilson’s idea for reform.
They ran Ohio Governor, James N. Cox and New York’s Franklin D. Roosevelt for vice president.
Harding’s promise capture the public’s mood, winning by about 60% of the popular vote.
Secretary of Treasury, Andrew Mellon, pushed for tax cuts for the wealthy. Mellon believed that the policy would give incentive to invest in new businesses and create new jobs.
Teapot Dome Scandal: government scandal>Secretary of Interior Albert Fall, accepted large sums of $ and valuable gifts from private oil companies , allowing those companies to control US Navy oil reserve in Elk Hills, CA and Teapot Dome Wyoming.
Kellogg-Briand Pact: an agreement that outlawed war. 62 countries accepted the pact, a sign that most countries wanted to prevent another global conflict.
Model T: Ford made a sturdy and reliable car, nicknamed Tin Lizzie. The car was only in black for many years.
Moving Assembly line: a system using a conveyor belts to move parts and partly assembled cars from one group of workers to another. The worker stood in one place to do his job.
With the economy booming, public support for the Republican Party was strong, President Coolidge didn’t run for reelection in 1928, they chose Herbert Hoover
Hoover won with 58% of popular votes.
Main Idea:
1. In the 1920s many young people found new independence in a changing society
2. Post War Tension occasionally led to fear and violence.
3. Competing ideals caused conflicts between Americans with traditional beliefs and those with modern views.
4. Following the War, minority groups organized to demand their civil rights.
Big Idea:
Americans faced new opportunities, challenges, and fears as major changes swept the country in the 1920s.
Flappers: Young Women that cut their hair short and wore makeup and short dresses, openly challenging traditional ideas of how women should behave.
Red Scare: A time of fear of Communists, or Reds
Twenty-First Amendment: 1933 state and federal government ended prohibition of alcoholic beverages
Fundamentalism: A religious belief characterized by a literal interpretation of the bible
The Great Migration: A period of African American movement from the South to cities in the North

Main Idea:
Radio and movies linked the country in national culture.
Jazz and blues music became popular nationwide.
Writers and artist introduced new styles and artistic ideas
Big Idea:
Musicians, artists, actors, and writers contributed to American pop culture in the 1920s.
Talkie: Motion Picture with Sound
Jazz Age: An explosion in the popularity of jazz music gave the decade that nickname
Innovation: a new idea or way of doing something
Harlem Renaissance: A period of African American artistic accomplishment.
Lost Generation: Writers critisized American Society in the 1920s
Expatriates: People who leave their home country to live elsewhere.


Main Idea:
The U.S. stock market crashed in 1929.
The economy collapsed after the stock market crash
Many Americans were disatisfied with hoover’s reaction  to economic conditions
Roosevelt defeated Hoover in the election of 1932
Big Idea:
The collapse of the stock market in 1929 helped lead to the start of the Great Depression
Buying on the margin: Purchasing stocks on credit, or with borrowed money
Black Tuesday: On Tuesday October 29 the stock market crashed. So many ppl wanted to sell their stock, and so few wanted to buy, that the stock prices collapsed.
Business Cycle: The up and down pattern of the economy
The Great Depression: The economy did not recover quickly from the downturn that began in 1929. Because of its severity and length it was called the great depression   
Bonus Army: World War 1 veterans went to the capital to demand early payment of a military bonus

Main Idea:
1. Congress approved many new programs during the 100 days.
2. Critics expressed concerns about the New Deal.
3. New Deal Programs continued through Roosevelt’s first term
4.Roosevelt clashed with the Supreme Court over the New Deal

New Deal:Roosevelt and Congress worked together to create new programs to battle the Depression and aid recovery.
Fireside Chats: Radio Addresses in which Roosevelt spoke directly to the American people
Tennessee Valley Authority: TVA: hired people to build dams and generators, bring low cost electricity and jobs to communites in the Tennessee River Valley
Farm Credit Administration: FCA: helped farmers refinance their mortgages so they could keep their farms.
Agricultural Adjustment Act: helped stabilize agricultural prices\
Social Security Act: passed in 1935, provided some financial security for the elderly, disabled, children, and the unemployed
National Industrial Recovery Act: NIRA: Established fair competition laws
Second New Deal: despite critism of the new deal, democrats increased their majorities in both houses of Congress in the 1934 election.
Congress of Industrial Organizatios (CIO): Organised workers into unions based on industry, not skill level
Sit Down Strikes: Workers stayed in factories so that they could not be  replaced by new workers.
Roosevelt won re-election by a huge margin in 1936, winning every state but Maine and Vermont.


Main idea:
Parts of the Great Plains came to be known as the Dust Bowl as severe drought destroyed farms there.
Families all over the U.S. faced hard times
Depression-era culture helped lift ppl’s spirits
The New Deal had lasting effects on the American society
Big Idea:
All over the country, Americans struggled to survive the Great Depression
Dust Bowl: Massive storms swept the region,, turning parts of the Great Plains into the Dust Bowls
John Steinbeck: Writer who captured the desperation of Americans struggling through the Great Depression, especially those affected by the dust bowls
Woody Guthrie: Born in Oklahoma, a folk singer who crisscrossed the country singing his songs.

Issue 4: Social Studies 8th grade

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1AmMZAn9UaVUC8osgHIKduk0TC9193s9EJuGhVfCHlB4/edit

1.10.2012 ISSUE 4: SOCIAL STUDIES MIDTERM
                  Made by Miyu-Chan, Em-Chan


Reconstruction
After the civil war- The south was in ruins because of total war
The reconstruction of the South begins... 3 plans were then made...

1. Lincoln’s 10% Plan: Pardon to any confederate who swore allegiance to the union and accepted an end to slavery.
2. Radical Republicans: Punish the South. Divide the south into 5 military districts controlled by the army. New government had to grant African Americans the right to vote. Readmitted states had to ratify the 14th amendment.
3. President Johnson’s Plan: Southerners had to take oath, cancel Freedmen’s bureau, and approve the 15th amendment which abolished slavery.

Three groups that were an important part of the reconstruction era

1. Sharecroppers: Worked the land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops .
2. Scalawags: nickname for white southerners who supported the Republican Party(seen as traitors to the south)
3. Carpetbaggers: Nickname for Northerners who went down south after the civil war to set up businesses(seen as trying to make a profit from the south’s misery)

-13th amendment: gave the freedom to all African Americans in the country
-14th amendment:gave citizenship and equal protection under law to all African Americans
-15th amendment: gave all male African Americans the right to vote  
-Freedmen’s Bureau: Gave help to former slaves (food, clothing, hospitals, jobs, school)
-Black Codes:Laws set up in the South to keep African Americans from enjoying their freedom
-lynching: an illegal execution

Voting restrictions

1. Poll taxes: required people to pay money in order to vote(most freedmen were poor)
2. Literacy test:required people to read and explain a section of the constitution in order to vote(most freedmen were uneducated)
3. Grandfather Clause: if the voters grandfather was able to vote in 1867 they didn’t have to take the literacy test  

-Ku Klux Klan: (K.K.K.) a secret society formed by white southerners. They wore white robes and hoods to hide their identity. Used terrors/scare tactics to intimidate which kept African Americans from practicing their civil rights   

-Segregation:separation of races
-Jim crow laws: Southern states passed laws that separated African Americans and whites in schools, restaurants, trains, playgrounds, theaters, etc.

-Plessy vs. Fergason(1896): The Supreme Court ruled that segregation is legal as long as African American and white facilities are equal. This ruling will last until 1954( Brown vs. The Board of Edu.)
-Brown vs. The Board of Edu.(1954): brown sued that separate isn’t equal and the Supreme Court ruled in favor of Brown

Effects of reconstruction
-Southerners faced hard times and poverty(-)
-the south to rebuild(+)
-African Americans gained their freedom, citizenship and voting rights(+)
-racist southerners like the KKK will keep African Americans from enjoying their civil rights

Westward Expansion
Gold Rush: Henry Comstock struck gold and silver an Nevada
Boomtown: A town that struck gold
Homestead Act: The government would give you 160 acres of land for free as long as you farmed and took care of the land for 5 years.

-The government wanted to connect the country( to move goods, supplies and people faster across the country)
-The government gave land to railroad companies
-10 acres of land for every mile of tracks in a state 20 acres of land for every mile of track in a territory
-Transcontinental Railroad: will connect the united states
-A subsidy is financial aid or a land grant

-The Plains Indians:Native Americans that lived in the Great Plains
- Buffalo was the most important animal for the Plains Indians since it was used for food, clothes,shelter, and weapons
-the Plains Indians used every part of the Buffalo
-the buffalo was killed off because of the Transcontinental Railroad
-The United States broke treaties with the Plains Indians and invaded their land
-Fighting with the United States: Many Plains Indians were killed and the rest were eventually placed on reservations

Industrialization  

-Industrial Revolution: radical change in the way goods were produced
-Handmade good made at home to machine made goods in factories
-Factory: men and machines coming together to produce goods
-2nd Industrial Revolution: The build up of industry in America
-During industrialization(2nd Industrial Revolution) there were many new inventions and ideas like Henry Fords assembly line
-the assembly line leads to mass production(producing goods on a large scale)
-during industrialization there was child labor
-businesses exploited or took advantage of children
-Bessemer Process:In the mid 1850s Henry Bessemer invented the Bessember Process, a way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities
-Patents: Exclusive rights to make or sell inventions
-Sweatshops: work place for employees nickname because of long hours with dangerous machines
-the sweatshops often locked the windows and doors, causing it to become extremely hot
-Triangle Shirtwaist Factory: a sweatshop in Greenwich village,NY where there was a fire and locked doors trapped workers causing 146 deaths. It lead to reform
-Workers’ compensation Laws: Guranteed a portion of lost wages to workers injured on job

Coporations: Businesses that sell portions of ownership called stock shares
-John D. Rockefeller became wealthy in the oil industry
-Andrew Carnegie became wealthy in the steel industry
-J.P. Morgan became wealthy in banking
-Captain of Industry: an important business leader(did positive things)
-Robber Baron: a ruthless business man that steals(did negative things)
-Vertical Integration: Ownership of businesses involved in each step of a manufacturing process
-Horizontal Intergration:Owning all the businesses in a certain field.
-Trust: A legal arrangement grouping together a number of companies under a single board of directors
-Social Darwinism: A View of society based on scientist Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection
-there were horrible working conditions in factories during industrialization
-workers united and formed unions to get better pay and working conditions
Ex: Knights of labor/ American Federation of Labor
-Strike: workers refusing to work
-the new york news boys were the main distributors of the newspaper from the mid 1800s to early 1900s
-the Newsies union went on strike in 1899
-Monopoly: a company controls all or nearly all the business of the a particular industry
-free enterprising system: business owned by private citizens
-Sherman Antitrust Act:A law making it illegal to create monopolies or trust that restrain trade
-collective bargaining:a technique used by labor unions in which workers act collectively to change working conditions or wages
-haymarket riot: a riot that broke out at Haymarket Square in chicago over the deaths of 2 strikes
-pullman strike: a railroad strike that ended when President Grover sent in federal troops
-homestead strike:a labor-union strike at andrew carnegie’s homestead steel factory in Pennsylvania that erupted in violence between strikers and private detectives
-networks: Railroad companies formed a series of connected railines  

Immigration:
-Old Immigrants: Late 1800s immigrants from northern Europe
-New Immigrants: Southern and Eastern Europe
-Push Factor:Conditions that push people to leave their home countries(negative)
-Pull Factor: Conitions that pull people to a new country(positive)
-Steerage: An area below deck near the rudder. most immigrants rode in steerage when they came to America
-Statue of liberty: a gift from France in 1886. The first thing immigrants saw when arriving in NY, engraved in the statue of liberty is the poem by Emma Lazarus
-Ellis Island: immigrants were checked for health problems before they could enter the U.S.
-Ethnic Neighborhoods: Neighborhoods made up of people that share a common culture
-many Americans became assimilated(becoming part of another culture)
Ex: Little Italy, Chinatown
-nativists: wanted to limit immigration and preserve the U.S. for native born white Americans
-Benevolent Societies: Aid Organizations offered immigrants and help in case of sickness, unemployment, or death
-Tenements: Poorly built overcrowding apartment buildings.
-Chinese Exclusion Act: Banning Chinese people from immigrating to the US for 10 years
-Mass Transit: Public Transportation designed to move many people
-Suburbs: Residential Neighborhoods outside of downtown areas.
-Mass Cultures: Leisure and Cultural Activities shared by many people.
-Department Stores: Giant Retail Shops or Department Stores
-The invention of the Linotype ( Automatic Typesetting machine) greatly reduced the time and cost of printing newspapers. It lead to a boom in production of daily newspaper.
-Settlement House: Neighborhood centers in poor areas that offered education, recreation, and social activies
Hull House: Founded by Jane Addams, the most famous settlement house of the period
Progressive Era:
-Political Machine: Powerful Organizations that used both legal and illegal methods to get their candidates elected to public offices
-Progressives: were working to improve society in the late 1800s.
-Muckrakers: Journalist who write to show the filth of society. It lead to the Meat Inspection Act.
-Seventeenth Amendment: Allowed Americans to vote directly for US senate
-bribes and corruptions became a way of life in the cities
-Powerful politicians known as bosses, came to rule many cities
-”boss” William Tweed cheated NY out of $100 million
-Thomas Nast: a political cartoonist that tried to expose Tweed’s wrong doings  
-recall-remove
-ininitiative: allowed voters to propose a new law by collecting signatures on a petition
-referendum: permitted voters to approve or reject a law that had already been proposed or passed by a gov’t body
-Capitalism: An economic system in which private businesses run most industries and competition determines the price of goods.
-socialism: system in which the gov’t owns and operates a country’s means of production
Industrial Workers of the world: Is a socialist union.
-18th Amendment: banning the production, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages throughout the US
-National American Women Suffrage Association: Elizabeth Cady Staton and Susan B. Anthony founded it to promote the cause of women’s suffrage
-19th Amendment: granting the American Women the right to vote
National Association for the Advancement of Color People: and Organization that called for economic and educational equality for the African American
Pure Food and Drug Act: Law that prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transport of mislabeled or contaminated food and drugs
-Conservation: Protection of Nature and its resources
-Progressive Party: The party of Roosevelt nicknamed the Bull Moose Party
-Sixteenth Amendment: Allows the federal gov’t to impose taxes on citizens’ incomes

United States Expansion:
-Imperialism: Building an empire by founding colonies or conquering other nations
-Isolationism: Avoiding involvement in the affairs of other countries
-William H. Seward arranged the purchase of Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million. ($0.02 per acre). Some people called it Seward’s Folly or Seward’s Icebox. It became of value when Gold was discovered
-Hawaii was taken from Queen Liluokalani, the last queen of Hawaii. America wanted Hawaii for its sugar industry
-Spheres of Influence: Areas where foreign nations controlled resources.
-Open Door Policy: This policy stated that all nations should have equal access to trade with China. It was not rejected nor accepted by the other nations.
-Boxers Rebellion: Boxers were Chinese nationalists who were angered by foreign involvement in China
- Yellow Journalism: To attract readers, newspapers exaggerated new stories.
Teller’s Amendment: which stated that the US had no interest in taking control of Cuba.
Anti-Imperialist League: A group that opposed that treaty and the creation of an American colonial empire
Platt Amendment: Limited Cuba’s right to make treaties and allowed the US to intervene in Cuban Affairs
Panama Canal: It was finally opened to ships on August 15, 1914, linking the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
Roosevelt Corollary: Like the Monroe Doctorine, it added that in case of wrongdoings, by the Latin American Countries, the United States might excerise “international police power”
Dollar Diplomacy: Influencing gov’t through economic, not military, intervention
Mexican Revolution: Long Violent struggle for power in Mexico.

U.S.S. Maine exploded and blamed on Spain, due to Yellow Journalism
Buffalo Soldiers: African American cavalry regiment that served in combat during Spanish American War.
Rough Riders: The 1st US volunteer cavalry regiment( soldiers on horse back) led by Theodore Roosevelt.
They win the Battle of San Juan Hill in Cuba, the Major land battle


Countries got from Spanish American War. Guantanamo Bay (Cuba), Puerto Rico, Philippines, Wake Island, Midway Island, Guam, Samoa.
Spain surrendered Phillipines for $20 Million Dollars
1946-> US granted Full Independence to the Phillipenes.
Columbia had Control of Panama in the early 1900s
The US wanted to build Panama Canal to connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans> Ask Columbia
Columbia turned it down and US supported Panama Revolt.
Panama gains independence and allowed US to build Canal