Issue 56: US History 1930s

A bit of a throwback. I never posted this :C

John Maynard Keynes: Creator of Keynesian Economics: Developed new and innocative economic theory in that the gov't would intervene with the economy by creating temporary government programs that provided money to people, thus creating a demand for consumer goods. Taxes would be cut too.

                Deficit Spending: Increasing government debt in order to create spending money

The Wagner Act, or the National Labor Relations Act, was a New Deal reform passed by President Franklin Roosevelt on July 5, 1935.

                Instrumental in preventing employers from interfering with workers' unions and protests in the private sector

                Magna Carta of American Labor.   100% for labor.

Tennessee Valley Authority solved the flooding and created many permanent jobs.

                Tennessee River would flood and damage the land.

                Build dams that stop the soil from being barren and to create hydroelectricity.

                People can finally settle there and this needed people to control it.

                6 other states depend on energy from TVA.

FDR's attempt to reform the Supreme court: New Deal legislation was concerned about court challenges

                Already 389 suits in 1935.

                Seemed that the New Deal will be killed by court.

                 He suggested Court Reform or Court Packing. Every judge over 70 would have an additional justice to help and there was 6/9 over 70.

                FDR lost some popularity

                Later the Supreme Court decided to support the New Deal laws and thus FDR dropped the idea.

 Lend-lease Act: British couldn't pay cash for war materials and FDR suggested that we would give aid to those fighting totalitarian regimes.

Believed  that if we didn't help, we would be fighting alone soon. The US gave ~$50 Billion in the end of WWII, British with most aid and 50 battle ships. FDR gave some to Stalin, in that without it, the war would've been lost.

 Neutrality Acts of the 1930's were done to prevent the US from being involved in WWII.

                Pevented the sales of weapons and restricted travel

                Banned loans to the belligerents

                Prevented US ships from traveling to the ports of those in war.

                 FDR broke this in 1940s with new policies.

 "Arsenal for democracy" is a speech by FDR saying that he supports the Allies in that they provide the British material support.

Four Freedoms: The freedom of speech and expression, Freedom of religion, Freedom from want, and freedom from fear. He wants democracy  to expand and doesn't want to control the thoughts of people.

The Manhattan project was a secret research and development project of the U.S to develop the atomic bomb.

 Pres. Truman's reasons for dropping the atomic bomb was that it saves lives for both the Americans and Japanese.

                Beach invasions required invasions everywhere.

                End the war quickly and to prevent Russian interference.

McCarthyism was a idea from the senator Joe McCarthy who said he had evidence that 200 USSR spies were in US Gov't.

                Claimed evidence and blacklisted Hollywood actors, directors, producers, journalist, authors, military and Pres. Eisenhower. He was removed and censured.

Rosenberg Case an espionage case in that USSR made an atomic bomb, though the US was the only ones with info to make.

                Testimonies came from unreliable people and they were executed despite having young children.

 House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) was the committee that investigated Alger Hiss, who was accused by Whitaker Chambers, a former member of the Communist, for passing secrets to the USSR.

                Led to the 2nd Red Scare.

                Not enough evidence to convict him of espionage but convicted of perjury, which ruined his career in the end.

Brown V. Board of Education a 1954 case that rule that segregation in public school is inherently equal, and thus "separate but equal" would be removed.

Fred Korematsu challenged being sent to internment camps in the Korematsu case.

                 180,000 J-Americans were in the west coast and the public believed that they couldn't be trusted.

                Their property was seized by the gov't as possible threats to the US.

                Their money was also taken and never returned.

 Pres. Nixon's abuse of power included the US VS. Nixon in that Nixon had to turn over tapes, but Nixon never did.

                The Watergate Scandal was that the campaign donations for Nixon's re-elections were used to destroy Nixon's opposition and these were known as slush funds.

                Nixon was pardoned.

 Goals of the Great Society (war on poverty): Liberalism: eliminate poverty, end racial injustice, build better urban centers, develop better educational programs and care for environment

 War Powers Resolution lowered the voting age from 21 to 18 via the 26th amendment.

                Due to the Vietnam War, ppl believed that if 18 was okay to be drafted and kill for the country, they could vote.

 Pentagon papers was a book that published info relating to the Watergate Scandal.

                The NY Times VS US said that the info should've been open to the public.

                The gov't said that the release of info hurt the US.

                From then on, plumbers-- Nixon's inner circle of men would try to stop leaks to the press and compiled a list of enemies to destroy.

Detente was Nixon's new policy of dealing with the Cold War to ease tensions.

                They had a cultural exchange and to help find a common ground and build better relations with USSR.

                Nixon negotiate end of Vietnam War.

Stagflation is economic condition of continuing inflation, stagnant business activity or zero economic growth, and rising unemployment rate.

                Happened under Carter.

Oil and energy crisis of the 1970's under Pres. Carter was that OPEC reduced oil shipments to the USA.                 Carter addressed with Crisis of Confidence speech and Malaise speech.

                Speech backfired.

Trickle down economics: economic theory that holds that money lent to banks and businesses will trickle down to consumers.

The Iran-Contra Scandal erupted after the Reagan administration sold weapons to Iran in hopes of freeing American hostages in Lebanon

                Money from the arms sales was used to aid the Contras (anti-Communist insurgents) in Nicaragua, even though Congress had prohibited this assistance.

                Reagan had nothing to do with the scandal, aides took blame

                More globalized problem in that it came from war in Nicaragua

Reagan's idea of New Federalism and how to reduce size of gov't was to cut taxes of people and cut gov't spending

Reagan tried bankrupting the USSR b/c communistic/socialistic economy cannot get out of bankruptcy.

Why the United States went to war in the Persian Gulf in 1991 was that Saddam Hussain was a destabilizing influence in the Middle East that affected US interest and security.

                Used chemical weapons and poisonous gas on Kurds

                Annexed Kuwait's which had ~70% of world's oil through many ports.

Passed by Congress in 1991, the Americans with Disabilities Act banned discrimination against the disabled in employment and mandated easy access to all public and commercial buildings.

                In honor of FDR, who had polio.

Miranda V. Arizona said that Supreme Court held that criminal suspects must be informed of their right to consult with an attorney and of their right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police.

Issue 48: US History--Why the Europeans settled and how did the Colonist settle down

Joint Stock Company: When stock companies allowed several investors to  pool their wealth in support of a colony that would, hopefully, yield a profit

Jamestown: In 1606, King James I of England granted a charter to Virginia Company. Virginia Company's three ships--Susan Constant, Discovery, and Godspeed-- with 150 passengers reached Virginia at 1607. Settlement was called Jamestown and river beside it was James River, in honor of king.

They lured financial supporters by asking for relatively small investments. Stockholders would receive 4/5 of all gold and silver found.  The King provided for the  remaining.

Starving Time: "No talk, no hope, no work, but dig gold, wash gold, refine gold, load gold." (John Smith)

No food and Diseases struck

1607, John Smith took control of settlement. "You must  obey this   law... he that  will not work shall not eat." Forced Colonist to farm. Persuaded nearby Powhatan to provide food.

1609, more colonist came. Powhatans were alarmed so destroyed  farms and killed livestock. Famine arise  and  colonist ate roots, rats, snakes and boiled shoe leather. Few survived. 

Leader of the new Jamestown demanded tributes of corn and labor from Powhatan.

Brown Gold: Tobacco. 1612, John Rolfe of Jamestown experimented cross breeding tobacco from Brazil with a harsh strain of weed that Nat. Am. grown  for years. Resulted in high quality tobacco. 1620s, exported 1.5 mill. lbs. to England.

Headright System: To lure more settlers in Jamestown, Virginia Company introduced the system in 1618. Anyone who paid for own/ another's passage to Virginia received 50 acres of land. Immigration skyrocketed.

Indentured Servants: To work plantations, many owners got servants from England. In exchange for food and shelter, a servant agreed to a limited term of servitude--4-7 years usu. Most from lower classes of English society.

Bacon's Rebellion: Nathaniel Bacon was a son of a wealthy Englishman and hated Nat. Am. He called them wolves who preyed  on innocent lamb. 1676, raised army to fight Nat. Am. on Virginia frontier. Governor Berkeley  declared Bacon's army, 1/3 made of landless settlers and debters, illegal. Stormed into Jamestown saying lack of representation. Turned  violent.

Puritans: Church members who wanted to "purify" or reform the Church  of England.

Anne Dudley & Simon Bradstreet. Anne became America's first English-Speaking Poet, whose poems provide some info on Puritan life and values. Boarded "Arabella".

John Winthrop: First governor of Puritan New England.

City Upon a Hill:  Puritan New England

Separatist: Felt  different from other puritans so formed independent group  with own ministers. Pilgrims.

Plymouth colony: 1620, small group  of families founded Plymouth Colony.

Massachusetts Bay Colony: 1630, the colonist from  Arabella established MA Bay Colony. Port town of Boston became capital.

Puritans were only one who could participate in gov't

Roger Williams: Nobody should be punished for religious beliefs. Felt that every person should  be free to worship according to his/her conscience. Founded Rhode Island, Providence the capital.  He guaranteed the separation of church, state and religious freedom

Anne Hutchinson: Banished her because  she held bible readings in her home. She felt that worshippers  didn't need the church/ ministers to interpret Bible for them. Banished her and family in 1638. Went to Rhode Island  then NY.

Pequot War: 1637, Pequot nation decided to take a stand against the colonist. Colonist formed an alliance w/ Narragansett (Old enemies of Pequot). Near destruction of Pequot Nation. May 1637, 90 English colonist+ 100s of Nat. Am. allies surrounded Pequot Fort and set it on fire, shooting Pequot men, women and children when they tried to escape/ surrender.

King Philip's War: Wampanoag chief Metacom, aka King Philips, didn't like that Nat. Am. had to toil for the English to live and can't hunt/fish  on Sabbath day (Sunday). Last effort to wipe out the invaderes, organized his tribe and several others into an alliance. 1675, hit and run tactics, Nat. Am. attacked  settlements  throughout New England. Cont'd for over a year.  No  surplus of food, disease and heavy casualties wore down the resistance.

Henry Hudson

New Netherlands: Dutch government granted the newly formed Dutch West India Company permission to colonize New Netherlands to expand thriving fur trade.

New Amsterdam: NYC, 1625 became capital of colony. 1655, Dutch extended claims by taking over New Sweden, a tiny colony of Swedish+ Finnish settlers that had established a rival fur trade along the Delaware River.

William Penn's Holy Experiment: A place w/ no land owning aristocracy. Guaranteed every adult male 50 acres of land and right to vote. Representative Assembly and Freedom of Religion was granted. Philadelphia, City of Brotherly Love.

Quakers  believed that God's inner light burned inside everyone. They held service  w/o formal ministers, allowing anyone to speak as the spirit moved him/her. They dressed plainly and refused to defer to persons of rank. Opposed War and Refused to serve in military.  Quakers were harassed by Anglicans and Puritans

Penn's relationship with Indians: Asked Lenni Lenapi, or the Delaware to have a friendly relationship. Ensured that colonist treated them fairly. Respected Penn in return.

James Oglethrope: English philanthropist received a charter for a colony they hoped could be a haven for those imprisoned for debt. It is Georgia, after King George the II. Prohibited drinking of rum and slavery.

George Calvert (Lord Baltimore): `1632, King Charles granted a charter for land north of the Chesapeake Bay.  It was named Maryland after Queen Henrietta Maria,  Charles' queen.

Foundation of Maryland the Religious Toleration Act:

Mercantilism: Country's ultimate goal was self sufficiency and that all countries were in a competition to acquire the most gold and silver. Thus, concentrated on Trade.

Navigation Acts: 1651, England's  Parliament passed these acts which  restricted colonial trade. The system benefited England and was good for most colonist too. Jobs were created because of this.

Sir Edmund Andros: Veteran Military Officer from an aristocratic family  appointed by King James II. Ended up making thousands of enemies. Angered Puritans by questioning their religion. He was strict on Navigation Acts and restricted local assemblies and levied taxes without any  input from local leaders.

Dominion of New England: King James II's attempt to make the colonial gov't more obedient, the Northern Territory, the colonies from S. Maine to New Jersey became one vast colony, the Dominion of New England

Glorious Revolution: King James was a Roman Catholic and he had little respect for parliament and didn't realize that his subject was more Protestantism and valued parliamentary right. Parliament invited William of Orange, the husband of James's  Protestant daughter Mary, to England. James fled the country and 1689, England voted to give the throne to William and Mary. After the colonies found out, Massachusetts colonist had a bloody rebellion in which they arrested Andros and his royal helpers. Parliament returned to the original status of the  colonies. They restored Massachusett's charter with that  the king  was to appoint the governor of MA and required more religious toleration. The Puritans were no longer able to persecute other groups.

Salutary Neglect was when England relaxed  its enforcements of most regulations in return for economic loyalty of the colonies.

Cash Crops: One grown primarily for sale rather than for farmer's own use by  specializing in raising a single plant.

Indentured Servitude:  Most of  them were young, indebted men who  traded a life of prison or poverty for a limited term of servitude in North Am.

How slavery became entrenched in colonial economy:  Needed  a labor source for their property. The triangular trade of slaves, raw materials and processed materials.

Stono Rebellion: Slave Revolt. 20 slaes gathered at the Stono River SW of Charles Town with guns and other weapons killing several planter families and marched south, beating drums and loudly inviting other slaves to join them to flee. Those slaves who were captured was executed.

Salem Witch Trials: Started with Tituba, the slave. She confessed and said that 9 people's name was in  the devil's book.

Great Awakening: A religious revival movement where it basically scared people back to church.

Jonathan Edwards: of Northampton, Massachusetts, was part of the clergy and wanted to revive religion. He preached that church audience was not just for salvation but that the  people must acknowledge their sins and feel god's love.

Know about European trade with the east before the Age of Exploration

The need for both trade and exploration, know about the nations that explored, that men that explored and claimed land for their nations,

Prince Henry the Navigator: Portugal developed and employed these innovations. He was An armchair navigator, he established an up-to-date sailing school.

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Richard Hakluyt: Author of Discourse of Western Planting--Persuade the king to colonize

Europeans settled in America because Ottoman Empire took control of Constantinople, a major trade city. Too expensive to get stuff from Asia because more taxation.