Issue 7: Science//Rocks and Minerals

https://docs.google.com/document/d/12Z2TuETCT-TRi89b7uHPwyYIc2OxbKH37ozWtSHxCdg/edit
2.12.12 ISSUE 7: SCIENCE TEST!!!
Made By:  Miyu, Em
ROCKS AND MINERALS!!!

Matter: Anything that has mass and takes up space
Element: a substance that cannot be separated or broken down into simpler substances by chemical means, all atoms of an element have the same atomic number.
Atom: the smallest unit of an element that maintains the chemical properties of that element.
Proton: a subatomic particle that has a positive charge and that is located in the nucleus of an atom; the number of protons of the nucleus is the atomic number, which determines the identity of an element.
Electron: a subatomic particle that has a negative charge
Neutron: a subatomic particle that has no charge and that is located in the nucleus of an atom
Isotope: an atom that has the same number of protons (or the same atomic number) but that has a different number of neutrons(and thus a different atomic mass)
Compound: a substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds.
Molecule: a group of atoms that are held together by chemical forces; a molecule is the smallest unit of matter that can exist by itself and retain all of a substance’s chemical properties
Ion: An atom or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons and has a negative or positive charge
Ionic Bond: the attractive force between oppositely charged ions, which form when electrons are transferred from one atom or molecule to another
Covalent Bond: a bond formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons
Mixture: a combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined
Solution: a mixture that is a uniform blend of two substances, having the same composition and properties throughout
Mineral: a natural, usually inorganic solid that has a characteristic chemical composition, an orderly internal structure,  and a characteristic set of physical properties
Rock forming minerals: the common minerals that form the rocks that make up the earth’s crust
Silicate mineral: a mineral that contains a combination of silicon and oxygen, and that may also contain one or more metals
Nonsilicate mineral: a mineral that does not contain compounds of silicon and oxygen, the six major groups of nonsilicate minerals are carbonates, halides, native elements, oxides, sulfates, and sulfides  
Crystal: a solid whose atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a regular, repeating pattern
Silicon-Oxygen tetrahedron: the basic unit of the structure of silicate minerals; a silicon ion chemically bonded to and surrounded by four oxygen ions
Isolated Tetrahedra: in minerals that have isolated tetrahedra only have atoms other than silicon and oxygen atoms link silicon-oxygen tetrahedra
Ring silicates: form when shared oxygen atoms join the tetrahedra to form three,four, or six sided rings
Single- Chain silicates: each tetrahedron is bonded to two others by shared oxygen atoms
Double-Chained silicates: two single chains of tetrahedra bond to each other
Pyroxenes: most single-chain silicate minerals are called pyroxenes
Amphiboles: Most double-chain silicate minerals are called amphiboles
Sheet silicates: each tetrahedron shares three oxygen atoms with other tetrahedra
Framework silicates: each tetrahedron is bonded to four neighboring tetrahedra to form a 3-D network
Closest Packing: in this crystal structure, each metal atom is surrounded by 8 to 12 other metal atoms that are as close to each other as the charges of the atomic nuclei will allow


Color: one of the properties used to identify a mineral but not the most reliable
Streak: the color of a mineral in powdered form
Luster: the way in which a mineral reflects light
Metallic Luster: if the mineral reflects light as a polished metal does
Nonmetallic Luster: are all the other minerals that don’t reflect light as a polished metal does
Cleavage: the tendency of a mineral to split along specific planes of weakness to form smooth, flat surfaces
Fracture: the manner in which a mineral breaks along either curved or irregular surfaces
Splintery or Fibrous fracture: a broken surface that looks like a piece of broken wood
Conchoidal Fractures: Curved surfaces
Hardness: the measure of the ability of a mineral to resist scratching
Mohs hardness scale: the standard scale against which the hardness of minerals is rated
Density: the ratio of the mass of a substance to the volume of the substance
Fluorescence: the ability to glow under ultraviolet light
Phosphorescence: when subjected to ultraviolet light, some minerals will continue to glow after the ultraviolet light is turned off
Chatoyancy: in reflected light, some minerals display a silky appearance
Asterism: the phenomenon in which a six-sided star shape appears when a mineral reflects light
Radioactivity: the arrangement of protons and neutrons in the nuclei of some atoms is unstable

Rock Cycle:  The series of processes in which rock forms, changes from one type to another, is destroyed, and forms again by geological process
Bowen’s Reaction Series: The simplifies pattern that illustrates the order in which minerals crystallize from cooling magma according to their chemical composition and melting point
Igneous Rock: Rocks that from when magma cools and solidifies
Partial Melting: Process by which different minerals in rock melt at different temperatures
Fractional Crystallization: The crystallization and removal of different minerals from the cooling magma
Intrusive Igneous Rock: Rock formed from the cooling and solidification of magma beneath Earth’s surface
Extrusive Igneous Rock: Rock that forms from the cooling and solidification of lava at Earth’s surface
Felsic:  Magma or igneous rock that is rich in feldspars and silica and that is generally light in color
Mafic:  Magma or igneous rock that is rich in iron and magnesium and that is generally dark in color
Compaction:  The process in which the volume and porosity of a sediment is decreased by the weight of overlying sediments as a result of burial beneath other sediments
Cementation: The process in which minerals precipitate into pore spaces between sediment grains and bind sediments to form rock
Chemical Sedimentary Rock:  Sedimentary Rock that forms when fragments of preexisting rocks are compacted or cemented together
Metamorphism: The process in which one type of rock changes into metamorphic rock because of chemical processes or changes in temperature and pressure
Contact Metamorphism: A change in the texture, structure, or chemical composition of a rock due to contact with magma
Regional Metamorphism: A change in the texture, structure or chemical composition of a rock due to changes in temperature and pressure over a large area generally as a result of tectonic forces
Foliation: The metamorphism rock texture in which mineral grains are arranged in planes or band
Nonfoliation: The metamorphic rock texture in which mineral grains are not arrange in planes or bands
Ores: A natural material whose concentration of economically valuable minerals is high enough for the material to be mined profitably
Lode: A mineral deposit within a rock formation
Placer Deposit: A deposit that contains a valuable mineral that has been concentrated by mechanical action
Gemstone: A mineral, rock, or organic material that can be used as jewelry or an ornament when it is cut and polished
Subsurface Mining: A mining techniques where minerals are mined by miners who work underground to recover mineral
Surface Mining: Overlying rock materials is stripped away to reveal the mineral deposit.
Placer Mining:  Large Buckets are attached to a floating barge
Undersea Mining:  Nodules are lump of minerals on the deep-ocean floor that contain iron, Manganese, and nickel which can be recovered efficiently but the location make it hard to mine