https://docs.google.com/document/d/1N4nuQFQdiJe9q7XBmv_-niV89k4ZMBtHaNW0EEi0YXo/edit
1.02.11 ISSUE 3: SCIENCE TEST!!!
Made by: Miyu-Chan, Em
A lot of stuff we need to know…. For this test so…LOL random…too dramatic…
Plate Boundaries and Plate Tectonics
Crust:The crust is about 5 to 70 thick. It is the coolest layer. It is brittle and rigid. The crust has two parts, the oceanic crust and continental crust. The oceanic crust is dense and made of rocks rich in iron and magnesium. The continental crust is low density and is made of rock rich in silica. It is less than 1% of Earth’s volume
Moho: Moho stands for Mohorovicic Discontinuity layer. It is the boundary between the crust and Mantle.The Mohorovičić discontinuity was first identified in 1909 by Mohorovičić, when he observed that seismograms from shallow-focus earthquakes had two sets of P-waves and S-waves, one that followed a direct path near the Earth's surface and the other refracted by a high velocity medium.
Mantle: The Mantle is the thickest layer of the earth, about 2890km thick. It is viscous (semi solid). It makes about 80% of the Earth’s volume. The upper mantle is subdivided into two layers, the asthenosphere and lithosphere. The asthenosphere is the outer layer about 200km and composed of plastic flowing rocks. The lithosphere is composed of rigid rocks that extends up to 120 km.The solid, plastic layer of the mantle beneath the lithosphere; made of mantle rock that flows very slowly, which allows tectonic plates to move on top of it.
Core: The core makes up ≈15% of the volume of the Earth. Seismic Evidence and deep core drilling, the inner core has a radius of ≈1220km of dense packed solid made of gold, platinum, and other iron compounds. The outer core is believed to be made of liquid nickel and other light elements. The liquid core radius is about 3400km
Continental Drift: A hypothesis proposed by Alfred Wegener in the 1912 about the continents being part of a huge landmass called a super continent. Wegener could not explain the mechanism by which the continents move.
Evidence of Continental Drift:
-Fossils: Identical Fossils found in two far away continents
-Rock Formation: The ages and types of rocks in coastal regions of widely separated areas.
-Climate: Layers of debris from ancient glaciers in different continents.
-Shapes: The continents could be put together like a jigsaw puzzle
-Magnetic Polarity: The magnetic patterns on each side of a mid-ocean ridge to the geomagnetic reversal time scale.
Sea Floor Spreading: In the late 1950s, Harry Hess suggested a new hypothesis. He proposed that the valley at the center of the ridge is a crack or rift in Earth’s crust. New ocean floor is constantly being produced through sea-floor spreading, which creates mid-ocean ridges and changes the topography of the sea floor. Sea-floor spreading provides a mechanism for continental drift. Molten Rock magma from deep inside Earth rises to fill the crack.
Mid-Ocean Ridges: A long, undersea mt. chain that has a steep, narrow valley at its center, that forms as magma rises from the astenosphere and creates new oceanic lithosphere as tectonic plates move apart
Plate Tectonics: the theory that explains why and how continents move and is the study of formation of features in Earth’s Crust. There are about 15 major tectonic plates.
Divergent boundary: 2 plates move away from each other to form rifts and mid-ocean ridges
Convergent boundary: plates moving towards each other and colliding to form ocean trenches, mt. ranges, volcanoes, and island arcs
Transform Boundaries: Plates sliding past each other while moving in opposite directions
Convection: movement of heated material due to differences in denstiry that are caused by differences in temperature.
The cooler, denser water sinks, and the warmer rises to the surface to create a cycle called a convection cell
Ridge Push: the force as the cooling rock sinks, the asthenosphere below it exerts force on the rest of the plate.
Slab Pull: The force exerted by the sinking plate when the lithosphere is dense enough, it begins to subduct to the asthenosphere when the leading edge of the plate sinks and pulls the rest with it.
Cratons: Stable rocks over 540 million years old.
Shields: Rocks exposed at Earth’s Surface
Rifting: The Process by which Earth’s crust breaks apart; can occur within continental crust or oceanic crust.
Terrane: A piece of lithosphere that has a unique geologic history and that may be part of a larger piece of lithosphere, such as a continent. It becomes a part of a continent at convergent boundaries.
Seamount: A small volcanic islands or underwater mt.
Atolls: Small coral islands
Supercontinent cycle: Process by which supercontinents form and break apart over time is called the supercontinent cycle
Pangaea: The supercontinent that formed 300 mill. years ago and began to break up beginning 250 mill. years ago
Panthalassa: The single large ocean that cover Earth’s surface during the time the supercontinent Pangaea existed/
Laurasia: Parts of modern N. America and Eurasia. Rifts separated them causing Tethys Sea to close
Gonwanaland: S. America, Africa; India, Australia, and Antartica. India broke away and move towards Eurasia. When it collide the Himalaya Mt. began to form
Deformation: Bending, Tilting, and Breaking of the Earth’s Crust.
Isotasy: A condition of gravational and buoyant equililbrium between Earth’s lithosphere and asthenosphere
Stress: Amount of force per ut. Area that acts on the rock.
Compression: The type of stress that squeezes and shortens a body
Tension: The type of stress that squeezes and shortens a body
Sheer Stress: Distorts a body by pushing parts of the body in opposite directions.
Strain: Any changes in shape or volume of rock that results from stress
Brittle strains: Appears as cracks or fractures
Ductile Strains: Responds to stress by bending or deforming
Fold: A ductile strain in which rock layers bend, usu. as a result of compression
Types of Folds:
Anticline: Fold where oldest layer is the center of the fold
Syncline: Fold in which the youngest layer is in the center of the fold
Monocline: Fold in which both limbs are horizontal or almost horizontal.
Ridges: Large narrow strip of elevated land that can occur near mts.
Fault: A break in a body of rock along with one block slides relative to another a form of brittle strain
Fracture: A break along which there is no movement of the surrounding rock moves is called a fault.
Fault Plane:the surface where motion occurs(look at the picture).
Hanging Wall:in a nonvertical fault the hanging wall is the rock above the fault plane.
Footwall:the rock below the fault plane in a nonvertical fault.
Normal Fault: a fault in which the hanging wall moves downwards relative to the footwall
Reverse Fault: When compression causes the hanging wall to move upwards relative to the footwall
Thrust Fault: A reverse fault which fault is in a low angle or near horizontal
Strike Slip Fault: The rock on either side of the fault plane slides horizontally in response to sheer stress
Slip:
Strike:Parallel to direction.
Mountain Ranges: YOU SHOULD KNOW THIS ALREADY!!!...fine... a series of mts.
Mountain System: A group of mountain that are adjacent
Mountain Belts: the largest mountain systems of 2 larger systems
Folded Mountain: A mountain that forms when rock layers are squeezed together and uplifted
Plateaus: large flat of high area above the sea level
Fault Block Mountains: A mountain that forms where faults break Earth’s crust are formed when large areas of bedrock are widely broken up by faults creating large vertical displacements of continental crust.
Dome Mountain: A circular or elliptical, almost symmetrical elevation or structure in which arranged rock slopes downward gently from the center point of folding
Volcanic Mountain: Mountains that form when magma erupts onto earth’s surface are called volcanic mountains.
Hot Spot: volcanically active area that lie far from tectonic plate boundaries.
Earthquakes: is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. Sudden slippage of rock along a fault occurs during an earthquake.
Elastic Rebound: The elastic rebound theory is an explanation for how energy is spread during earthquakes. As plates on opposite sides of a fault are subjected to force and shift, they accumulate energy and slowly deform until their internal strength is exceeded.
Focus: (Foci)The underground place where an earthquake starts.
Epicenter:The point on the earth's surface vertically above the focus of an earthquake
Body wave: travel through the interior of the Earth. They follow curved paths because of the varying density and composition of the Earth's interior.
Surface Waves: Seismic waves that propagate along the surface of the earth
P-wave:A body wave that causes the compression of rocks when its energy acts upon them. When the P wave moves past a rock, the rock expands beyond its original volume, only to be compressed again by the next P wave. P waves are the fastest of all seismic waves.
S-Wave:A type of seismic wave, the S-wave, secondary wave, or shear wave (sometimes called an elastic S-wave) is one of the two main types of elastic body waves, so named because they move through the body of an object,
Love Wave:A seismic surface shock wave, which is also known as a Q-wave, with a lateral horizontal movement perpendicular to the direction of propagation (L-Wave)
Rayleigh wave:A type of surface wave having a retrograde, elliptical motion at the earth's surface, similar to the waves caused when a stone is dropped into a pond. These are the slowest, but often the largest and most destructive, of the wave types caused by an earthquake
Shadow Zone:An area where there is very little or no direct reception of seismic waves from a given earthquake because of refraction of the waves in Earth's core.
Fault Zone: area of numerous fractures.
Seismograph: Instrument that records vibrations in the ground
Seismogram: A tracing of earthquake motion that is recorded by seismograph
Magnitude: A measure of the strength of an earthquake
Intensity: Amount of damage caused by the earthquake
Magma: Liquid rock that forms under the earth’s surface
Volcanism: Any activities that includes the movement of magma towards or onto the earth’s surface
Lava: Magma that flows on the earth’s surface
Volcano: A vent or fissure in Earth’s surface which magma and gases are exposed
Subduction Zones: Where tectonic plates moves under another
Trench:The place in the ocean floor along the edge of an continent where plates are subducted
Island Arc: A string of volcanic islands
Mid Ocean Ridges:A mid-ocean ridge is general term for an underwater mountain system that consists of various mountain ranges (chains), typically having a valley known as a rift running along its spine, formed by plate tectonics.
Sea Floor Spreading: The process of adding to the Earth's crust at mid-ocean ridges as magma wells up and forces previously formed crust apart.
Fissures: cracks through which lava flows to the Earth’s surface
Hot Spots: A volcanically active area of Earth’s surface, commonly far from a tectonic plate boundary
Mantle Plumes: Columns of solid, hot material from the deep mantle
Intrudes: coming into contact with
Igneous Rock: Rocks that forms when magma cools
Plutons: Large Igneous Rocks
Dikes: Smaller Plutons
Batholiths: Large Plutons that cover an area of at least 100km when exposed on surface
Mafic:silicate mineral or rock that is rich in magnesium and iron; dark colored
Felsic: magma, and rocks which are enriched in the lighter elements such as silicon, oxygen, aluminium, sodium, and potassium;light colored
Viscosity: resistance to flow
Aa:Basaltic lava forming very rough jagged masses with a light frothy texture
Blocky Lava:Has higher silicate material than Aa Lava
Pyroclastic Materials:Volcanic rock that has been fragmented by explosions during an eruption or by the collapse and disintegration of the flanks of domes or lava flows.
Lapilli:Rock fragments ejected from a volcano
Volcanic Bomb: Large clots of lava that were thrown out of an erupting volcano while they are red-hot. As they spin through the air, they cool and develop a round or spindle shape.
Volcanic Block:A pyroclastic rock fragment ranging from about fist- to car-sized
Craters:A large pit or hollow forming the mouth of a volcano
Caldera:A large volcanic crater, typically one formed by a major eruption leading to the collapse of the mouth of the volcano
Shield Volcano:A broad, domed volcano with gently sloping sides, characteristic of the eruption of fluid, basaltic lava. Large volcanoes that are built almost entirely of fluid lava flows
Cinder cone volcanoes: Most common kind of volcanoes, steep sided cones of basaltic fragments and smaller and simpler than composite volcanoes. Streaming gases carry liquid lava blobs into the atmosphere that fall back to earth around a single vent to form the cone. The volcano forms when ash, cinders and bombs pile up around the vent to form a circular or oval cone.
Composite Volcanoes:Stratovolcanoes-form when runny lava escapes through a fissure and flows a long way. tall cone-shaped mountains that are typically steeply-sided, symmetrical cones of large dimensions. The volcano is built up by the accumulation of material erupted through the conduct and increases in size as lava, cinders, ash etc. are added to its slopes.
Index Fossils:Remains of Organism that had distinctive body features
Normal Strata: They look like a brick one on top of the other
Folds: Bends in Strata
Continental Plate:
-Made up of Granite
-Less Dense
-Thicker
Oceanic Plate:
-Made up of Basalt
-More Dense
-Thinner
Tilted Strata: All distorted strata is the result of plate, Movement, which results in earthquakes
Relative Dating: Compare age of things found before, Correlation
Absolute Dating: We have radioactive elements and we know their decay rate
Paleomagnetism: the study of the alignment of magnetic minerals in rock specifically as it relates to the reversal of Earth’s magnetic poles; also the magnetic properties that rock acquires during formation.
The Laws of Orginal Horizontality: that sediments deposited in water form flat, level layers parallel to earth’s surface.
Principle of Superposition: Concept where the bottom layer of a series of sedimentary rock is the oldest unless it has been overturned or older rocks thrust over it.
Uniformitarianism: The Idea that Earth’s features have formed gradually by processes still underway, not by instantaneous creation.
Unconformity: A break or gap in the sequence of a series of rock
Angular Unconformity: When rock layers are tilted or folded before being eroded.
Disconformies: Irregular erosional surfaces between parallel layers of rock
Nonconformity: Places where sedimentary layers lie on top of igneous/ metamorphic rocks.
Correlation: Process that involves determining that rock layers in different areas are the same age
Key Beds: well-defined, easily identifiable layers of formations that have distinctive characteristic
Eons: Largest Time ut. on the geologic time scale
Isotopes: Varieties of the same element whose atoms differ slightly in mass
Radioactive Decay: Atoms of unstable isotopes break apart
Half Life: Radioisotope is the time required for one-half of the unstable radioisotope to change into a stable decay product
Made by: Miyu-Chan, Em
A lot of stuff we need to know…. For this test so…LOL random…too dramatic…
Plate Boundaries and Plate Tectonics
Crust:The crust is about 5 to 70 thick. It is the coolest layer. It is brittle and rigid. The crust has two parts, the oceanic crust and continental crust. The oceanic crust is dense and made of rocks rich in iron and magnesium. The continental crust is low density and is made of rock rich in silica. It is less than 1% of Earth’s volume
Moho: Moho stands for Mohorovicic Discontinuity layer. It is the boundary between the crust and Mantle.The Mohorovičić discontinuity was first identified in 1909 by Mohorovičić, when he observed that seismograms from shallow-focus earthquakes had two sets of P-waves and S-waves, one that followed a direct path near the Earth's surface and the other refracted by a high velocity medium.
Mantle: The Mantle is the thickest layer of the earth, about 2890km thick. It is viscous (semi solid). It makes about 80% of the Earth’s volume. The upper mantle is subdivided into two layers, the asthenosphere and lithosphere. The asthenosphere is the outer layer about 200km and composed of plastic flowing rocks. The lithosphere is composed of rigid rocks that extends up to 120 km.The solid, plastic layer of the mantle beneath the lithosphere; made of mantle rock that flows very slowly, which allows tectonic plates to move on top of it.
Core: The core makes up ≈15% of the volume of the Earth. Seismic Evidence and deep core drilling, the inner core has a radius of ≈1220km of dense packed solid made of gold, platinum, and other iron compounds. The outer core is believed to be made of liquid nickel and other light elements. The liquid core radius is about 3400km
Continental Drift: A hypothesis proposed by Alfred Wegener in the 1912 about the continents being part of a huge landmass called a super continent. Wegener could not explain the mechanism by which the continents move.
Evidence of Continental Drift:
-Fossils: Identical Fossils found in two far away continents
-Rock Formation: The ages and types of rocks in coastal regions of widely separated areas.
-Climate: Layers of debris from ancient glaciers in different continents.
-Shapes: The continents could be put together like a jigsaw puzzle
-Magnetic Polarity: The magnetic patterns on each side of a mid-ocean ridge to the geomagnetic reversal time scale.
Sea Floor Spreading: In the late 1950s, Harry Hess suggested a new hypothesis. He proposed that the valley at the center of the ridge is a crack or rift in Earth’s crust. New ocean floor is constantly being produced through sea-floor spreading, which creates mid-ocean ridges and changes the topography of the sea floor. Sea-floor spreading provides a mechanism for continental drift. Molten Rock magma from deep inside Earth rises to fill the crack.
Mid-Ocean Ridges: A long, undersea mt. chain that has a steep, narrow valley at its center, that forms as magma rises from the astenosphere and creates new oceanic lithosphere as tectonic plates move apart
Plate Tectonics: the theory that explains why and how continents move and is the study of formation of features in Earth’s Crust. There are about 15 major tectonic plates.
Divergent boundary: 2 plates move away from each other to form rifts and mid-ocean ridges
Convergent boundary: plates moving towards each other and colliding to form ocean trenches, mt. ranges, volcanoes, and island arcs
Transform Boundaries: Plates sliding past each other while moving in opposite directions
Convection: movement of heated material due to differences in denstiry that are caused by differences in temperature.
The cooler, denser water sinks, and the warmer rises to the surface to create a cycle called a convection cell
Ridge Push: the force as the cooling rock sinks, the asthenosphere below it exerts force on the rest of the plate.
Slab Pull: The force exerted by the sinking plate when the lithosphere is dense enough, it begins to subduct to the asthenosphere when the leading edge of the plate sinks and pulls the rest with it.
Cratons: Stable rocks over 540 million years old.
Shields: Rocks exposed at Earth’s Surface
Rifting: The Process by which Earth’s crust breaks apart; can occur within continental crust or oceanic crust.
Terrane: A piece of lithosphere that has a unique geologic history and that may be part of a larger piece of lithosphere, such as a continent. It becomes a part of a continent at convergent boundaries.
Seamount: A small volcanic islands or underwater mt.
Atolls: Small coral islands
Supercontinent cycle: Process by which supercontinents form and break apart over time is called the supercontinent cycle
Pangaea: The supercontinent that formed 300 mill. years ago and began to break up beginning 250 mill. years ago
Panthalassa: The single large ocean that cover Earth’s surface during the time the supercontinent Pangaea existed/
Laurasia: Parts of modern N. America and Eurasia. Rifts separated them causing Tethys Sea to close
Gonwanaland: S. America, Africa; India, Australia, and Antartica. India broke away and move towards Eurasia. When it collide the Himalaya Mt. began to form
Deformation: Bending, Tilting, and Breaking of the Earth’s Crust.
Isotasy: A condition of gravational and buoyant equililbrium between Earth’s lithosphere and asthenosphere
Stress: Amount of force per ut. Area that acts on the rock.
Compression: The type of stress that squeezes and shortens a body
Tension: The type of stress that squeezes and shortens a body
Sheer Stress: Distorts a body by pushing parts of the body in opposite directions.
Strain: Any changes in shape or volume of rock that results from stress
Brittle strains: Appears as cracks or fractures
Ductile Strains: Responds to stress by bending or deforming
Fold: A ductile strain in which rock layers bend, usu. as a result of compression
Types of Folds:
Anticline: Fold where oldest layer is the center of the fold
Syncline: Fold in which the youngest layer is in the center of the fold
Monocline: Fold in which both limbs are horizontal or almost horizontal.
Ridges: Large narrow strip of elevated land that can occur near mts.
Fault: A break in a body of rock along with one block slides relative to another a form of brittle strain
Fracture: A break along which there is no movement of the surrounding rock moves is called a fault.
Fault Plane:the surface where motion occurs(look at the picture).
Hanging Wall:in a nonvertical fault the hanging wall is the rock above the fault plane.
Footwall:the rock below the fault plane in a nonvertical fault.
Normal Fault: a fault in which the hanging wall moves downwards relative to the footwall
Reverse Fault: When compression causes the hanging wall to move upwards relative to the footwall
Thrust Fault: A reverse fault which fault is in a low angle or near horizontal
Strike Slip Fault: The rock on either side of the fault plane slides horizontally in response to sheer stress
Slip:
Strike:Parallel to direction.
Mountain Ranges: YOU SHOULD KNOW THIS ALREADY!!!...fine... a series of mts.
Mountain System: A group of mountain that are adjacent
Mountain Belts: the largest mountain systems of 2 larger systems
Folded Mountain: A mountain that forms when rock layers are squeezed together and uplifted
Plateaus: large flat of high area above the sea level
Fault Block Mountains: A mountain that forms where faults break Earth’s crust are formed when large areas of bedrock are widely broken up by faults creating large vertical displacements of continental crust.
Dome Mountain: A circular or elliptical, almost symmetrical elevation or structure in which arranged rock slopes downward gently from the center point of folding
Volcanic Mountain: Mountains that form when magma erupts onto earth’s surface are called volcanic mountains.
Hot Spot: volcanically active area that lie far from tectonic plate boundaries.
Earthquakes: is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. Sudden slippage of rock along a fault occurs during an earthquake.
Elastic Rebound: The elastic rebound theory is an explanation for how energy is spread during earthquakes. As plates on opposite sides of a fault are subjected to force and shift, they accumulate energy and slowly deform until their internal strength is exceeded.
Focus: (Foci)The underground place where an earthquake starts.
Epicenter:The point on the earth's surface vertically above the focus of an earthquake
Body wave: travel through the interior of the Earth. They follow curved paths because of the varying density and composition of the Earth's interior.
Surface Waves: Seismic waves that propagate along the surface of the earth
P-wave:A body wave that causes the compression of rocks when its energy acts upon them. When the P wave moves past a rock, the rock expands beyond its original volume, only to be compressed again by the next P wave. P waves are the fastest of all seismic waves.
S-Wave:A type of seismic wave, the S-wave, secondary wave, or shear wave (sometimes called an elastic S-wave) is one of the two main types of elastic body waves, so named because they move through the body of an object,
Love Wave:A seismic surface shock wave, which is also known as a Q-wave, with a lateral horizontal movement perpendicular to the direction of propagation (L-Wave)
Rayleigh wave:A type of surface wave having a retrograde, elliptical motion at the earth's surface, similar to the waves caused when a stone is dropped into a pond. These are the slowest, but often the largest and most destructive, of the wave types caused by an earthquake
Shadow Zone:An area where there is very little or no direct reception of seismic waves from a given earthquake because of refraction of the waves in Earth's core.
Fault Zone: area of numerous fractures.
Seismograph: Instrument that records vibrations in the ground
Seismogram: A tracing of earthquake motion that is recorded by seismograph
Magnitude: A measure of the strength of an earthquake
Intensity: Amount of damage caused by the earthquake
Magma: Liquid rock that forms under the earth’s surface
Volcanism: Any activities that includes the movement of magma towards or onto the earth’s surface
Lava: Magma that flows on the earth’s surface
Volcano: A vent or fissure in Earth’s surface which magma and gases are exposed
Subduction Zones: Where tectonic plates moves under another
Trench:The place in the ocean floor along the edge of an continent where plates are subducted
Island Arc: A string of volcanic islands
Mid Ocean Ridges:A mid-ocean ridge is general term for an underwater mountain system that consists of various mountain ranges (chains), typically having a valley known as a rift running along its spine, formed by plate tectonics.
Sea Floor Spreading: The process of adding to the Earth's crust at mid-ocean ridges as magma wells up and forces previously formed crust apart.
Fissures: cracks through which lava flows to the Earth’s surface
Hot Spots: A volcanically active area of Earth’s surface, commonly far from a tectonic plate boundary
Mantle Plumes: Columns of solid, hot material from the deep mantle
Intrudes: coming into contact with
Igneous Rock: Rocks that forms when magma cools
Plutons: Large Igneous Rocks
Dikes: Smaller Plutons
Batholiths: Large Plutons that cover an area of at least 100km when exposed on surface
Mafic:silicate mineral or rock that is rich in magnesium and iron; dark colored
Felsic: magma, and rocks which are enriched in the lighter elements such as silicon, oxygen, aluminium, sodium, and potassium;light colored
Viscosity: resistance to flow
Aa:Basaltic lava forming very rough jagged masses with a light frothy texture
Blocky Lava:Has higher silicate material than Aa Lava
Pyroclastic Materials:Volcanic rock that has been fragmented by explosions during an eruption or by the collapse and disintegration of the flanks of domes or lava flows.
Lapilli:Rock fragments ejected from a volcano
Volcanic Bomb: Large clots of lava that were thrown out of an erupting volcano while they are red-hot. As they spin through the air, they cool and develop a round or spindle shape.
Volcanic Block:A pyroclastic rock fragment ranging from about fist- to car-sized
Craters:A large pit or hollow forming the mouth of a volcano
Caldera:A large volcanic crater, typically one formed by a major eruption leading to the collapse of the mouth of the volcano
Shield Volcano:A broad, domed volcano with gently sloping sides, characteristic of the eruption of fluid, basaltic lava. Large volcanoes that are built almost entirely of fluid lava flows
Cinder cone volcanoes: Most common kind of volcanoes, steep sided cones of basaltic fragments and smaller and simpler than composite volcanoes. Streaming gases carry liquid lava blobs into the atmosphere that fall back to earth around a single vent to form the cone. The volcano forms when ash, cinders and bombs pile up around the vent to form a circular or oval cone.
Composite Volcanoes:Stratovolcanoes-form when runny lava escapes through a fissure and flows a long way. tall cone-shaped mountains that are typically steeply-sided, symmetrical cones of large dimensions. The volcano is built up by the accumulation of material erupted through the conduct and increases in size as lava, cinders, ash etc. are added to its slopes.
Index Fossils:Remains of Organism that had distinctive body features
Normal Strata: They look like a brick one on top of the other
Folds: Bends in Strata
Continental Plate:
-Made up of Granite
-Less Dense
-Thicker
Oceanic Plate:
-Made up of Basalt
-More Dense
-Thinner
Tilted Strata: All distorted strata is the result of plate, Movement, which results in earthquakes
Relative Dating: Compare age of things found before, Correlation
Absolute Dating: We have radioactive elements and we know their decay rate
Paleomagnetism: the study of the alignment of magnetic minerals in rock specifically as it relates to the reversal of Earth’s magnetic poles; also the magnetic properties that rock acquires during formation.
The Laws of Orginal Horizontality: that sediments deposited in water form flat, level layers parallel to earth’s surface.
Principle of Superposition: Concept where the bottom layer of a series of sedimentary rock is the oldest unless it has been overturned or older rocks thrust over it.
Uniformitarianism: The Idea that Earth’s features have formed gradually by processes still underway, not by instantaneous creation.
Unconformity: A break or gap in the sequence of a series of rock
Angular Unconformity: When rock layers are tilted or folded before being eroded.
Disconformies: Irregular erosional surfaces between parallel layers of rock
Nonconformity: Places where sedimentary layers lie on top of igneous/ metamorphic rocks.
Correlation: Process that involves determining that rock layers in different areas are the same age
Key Beds: well-defined, easily identifiable layers of formations that have distinctive characteristic
Eons: Largest Time ut. on the geologic time scale
Isotopes: Varieties of the same element whose atoms differ slightly in mass
Radioactive Decay: Atoms of unstable isotopes break apart
Half Life: Radioisotope is the time required for one-half of the unstable radioisotope to change into a stable decay product
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