Britain: Workshop of the World
Great Britain was the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution.
Enclosure:
Crop Rotations: Restore Nutrient (Nitrogen Cycle)
Seed Drills: ie. Clover: Good for Live Stock
Enclosure Acts:
Removing previous existing rights of local ppl to carry out activities
ie. cultivation, cutting hay, grazing animals, etc.
Inclosure Acts: small areas had been passed sporadically since 12th Century but Majority (Higher Production of Food) were passed btwn 1750 and 1860
Inefficient
More people>>>>Population Growth>>>Fewer Jobs
Steam Engines: A machine burns coal to make steam to move water
Puddling Process: Blasted iron ore to make it higher quality metals
Locomotive: Transport faster
Factory System:
>Workers were able to work regular hours in shifts to keep machines producing steadily.
>Creates “work discipline” to working regular hours and doing same thing over and over
>Population growth led to large amount of unskilled labors
>Children discipline more directly
Europeans attempt preventing spread of Industrialism to many places
India
British East India Company
Many Indians lost their job of being a spinner and a hand loomer; job now is to send raw materials to Britain and gain whatever $ they can make from that
Russia
Gov’t rather keep it in a serfdom as it was mainly a rural & agricultural society ruled by autocratic regime
Joint stock investment banks: Poured saving of thousands of small & large investor creating a supply of capital that can be given back through industry
19th Century Bourgeoisie: “New Aristocracy”
Middle Class: Meritocracy
-working with machines in bad condition and receive low wages, and do menial jobs, feeling disconnected to project
-bourgeoisie created working class (working class exists solely for the bourgeoisie)
-Enlightenment used by the Bourgeoisie to further their cause
-more relationship btwn lord & peasant
Peterloo Massacre:1819:cavalry charged into a crowd of 60,000–80,000 that had gathered to demand the reform of parliamentary representation. Cavalry charged into the crowd with sabres drawn, and in the ensuing confusion, 15 people were killed and 400–700 were injured.
Enacted 6 Acts: Label any meaning for radical reform
Cult of Domesticity:
Women’s place is in the house
A true lady doesn’t work (not even housework)
Pleasant home for husband and children
In exchange: Husband give Pleasant home.
Corset: (This is stupid) A corset is a garment worn to hold and shape the torso into a desired shape for aesthetic or medical purposes… this is something that
Women’s Role
|
Early Phase
|
Later Phase
|
Working Class
|
Working class women held jobs in factories and mine in addition to caring for home and family
|
Same
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Middle Class
|
Middle class assisted husband in establishing factories
|
Discourage to work (Cult of Domesticity)
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Thoughts about the genders:
Men: Rational, Decisive, Pratical (BREAD WINNER)
Women: Loving, Nurturing, Morally Pure, Emotional (HOME MAKER)
Unhappy Middle Class Women: Mentally ill….
Women who worked are:
Not really women (Don’t ask me why =.=”)
Sexually Corrupted (=.=”)
Impure
Maybe taken advantage of (=.=”)
Temperance Movement: BANNED ALCOHOL
Charities raised $ for soup kitchens for orphanages, etc.
Henrik Ibsen-1879- A Doll’s House
>Scandal> Go against all belief
>1st time challenged it.
> Weirdly Henrik Ibsen is a GUY… so a GUY challenged it for the WOMEN~
Lassiez Faire? YES OR NO???
What problem will no gov’t regulations bring?
-Monopoly: NOT GOOD
-No FDA (Who knows if you are eating poison or not?)
-Income Inequality
-No minimum wage
-Child Labor
-No School
-More crime, no police
Invisible Hand: Invisible hand of the market works for the betterment of society
Society does best when we make our own decisions
Government regulations will protect property and free speech
Adam Smith: Author of Wealth of Nations--argues YES, Lassiez Faire, No Gov’t Regulations, Supply and Demand
Thomas Malthus: Population growth will outpace food survey
war, disease, famine will control population
poor should have fewer children
food supply will keep out
David Ricardo:
Iron law of wages
wages high and children
large labor surplus> depresses way
Combination Act of 1825: Allow labor union but severely restricted their activities
Allowed bargaining over wages
Corn Laws: CORN IS WHEAT IN BRITAIN
>>>made it too expensive to import cheaper and foreign corn: no competition/ increase price of corn…
British Corn Industry: Big Victory for middle bourgeoisie
Anti-Corn Law League: 1804: beginning>>> VIOLATION OF LAISSEZ FAIRE
Illegal to Unionized: Rebel, Against Natural Rights, Combined against, worker arrested for only...employer are not arrested
Communism: A political theory derived from Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly own.
5 States of Human Development:
> Primitive Communism: No class, small group, material goods are shared
> Slavery: Basic Need of Production: Ppl, Two classes-Slave Owners & Slaves
> Feudalism: Basic means of Production: Land, Landowners, Land workers
> Capitalism: Two classes are capital ($) Capitalist and Workers
> Communism: Public Property, All ppl collatively owned everything
(I think that’s enough about Communism, we have several worksheets)
Overpopulation> Immigration
Bad Working Conditions> Sanitation, Science
Widen Gap btwn wealthy and poor> Increase wages (minimum wage), forming unions, enfranchised voters
Unhappy Middle Class Women: Enfranchisement
Atk on the Frames (Power Looms): Ludism The “Luddites”: dangerous & punished severely,
The Luddites hated Technology (Taking away their jobs)
Utilitarians: Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill
The goal of society is the greatest good for the greatest #
More realistic than communism
Role to play for gov’t intervention to provide some social safety net.
Robert Owens:
Socialist Utopian: Ppl as society would operate and own the means of production, not individual
Society benefits everyone not just rich, well connected ppl
tried to build perfect communities (utopians)
Believed it WILL CATCH ON
British Reform Bill of 1832: Reform Bill, removed unnecessary borough
Catholic Emancipation Act of 1829:Catholics got right to vote
Reform Act of 1832: ⅓ of men can vote
Reform Act of 1867: 1 Million voters-urban working class
Reform Act of 1884: Peasant class can vote
Voting Right of 1918: Women over age of 30 can vote
Voting Rights of 1928: Women over age of 21 can vote (same as men)
Potato Famine:
Irish Among Poorest in Entire world
¼ can read and write
Life Expectancy Short (40 Years Old)
Married Young and Died Young: 16: girls; 17,18: boys >>>Large Families
Ireland Penal Laws of 1695:
Irish can’t
-Serves as officer in British Army/Navy
-Hold Gov’t office
-Vote
-Buy land
-Practice Law
-Attend School
-Serve as Apprentice
-Possess Nation
-The Catholic Church Outlawed
-Gaelic Language banned
-Export trade: Forbidden as Irish
Commerce Industry Destroyed
In Essence: Virtually ALL land owned by ANGLO-IRISH WHO ARE PROTESTANT
Tenants: All Catholic
Cultural Difference
Daniel O’Connell: Fights and win Catholic Empancipation in 1829
Repealed most of Penal Laws, British completely owns them, too late though…it has already affected the Irish greatly
Potato Famine: 1845: Lasted 6 year, airborne fungus brought by Mexico by British SHip
Potato Rot from inside
Repealed Corn Laws: Made grains cheaper but Irish still can’t afford it
Relief Commission: raised $ and British would match it, made up of landlords, clergy, and magistrates
Prime Minister Robert Deel: Set up very cheap corn shipments but it had poor distributions
Charles Edward Thompson: in charge of releif commission, too complicated
Why would British Belief in Laissez Faire hurt relief effort
> Ended corn shipment
> Didn’t want to hurt landlord
> Irish Landlord
1 million Irish died, 500000 evicted, 250000 emigrated in a “COFFIN SHIP”
Second Industrial Revolution:
- Changes from 1st to 2nd I.R.
-US Industrial Steel output was greater than G. Britain, France, Germany, and Russia Combined
- Coal and Iron was the two most important resources in the 1st I.R., but was replaced with steel and oil.
- New Resources
- Petroleum:
- 1859: oil drilling begins in Pennsylvania. Gasoline was thrown away
- Oil used for kerosene (heat and light) + lubricant (gasoline thrown away)
- 1863: Standard oil company (John D. Rockefeller)
- Steel
- 1850: Bessemer process in England used to remove carbon from iron efficiently
- Steel for railroad tracks, farm machines, bridges and more.
- 1892: Carnegie Steel Company was the largest steel company yet.
- Importance of Steel
- it was needed for bridges and tall buildings.
- New Innovations
- Communication
- telegraph by Samuel Morse in 1844
- 1st transatlantic cable in 1858
- telephone by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876
- phonograph by Thomas Edison in 1877
- Electricity
- 1879: Edison invents the light bulb
- 1882: Pearl Street power light (for electric lights)
- 1900: 2,774 stations are powered. 2 million nationwide
- 1904: Electric subway opens in N.Y.
- New Ideas
- Scientific Management developed by Frederick Taylor
- sought to make human work for efficient
- workers resisted end of “Flexibility”
- Monopolies
- Biggest corporations from trusts
- Permits large scale production
- Elimination of competition
- Overwhelming power over workers
- ex: Standard oil monopoly owned by Rockefeller = too much power
- The assembly line
- developed by Henry Ford
- Faster and more efficient → drop in prices
- Monotonous, de-skilling of workers
-Fordism (Henry Ford)
Turned employees into consumers by paying them higher wages
- Change in City
- Mass consumption → Department stores
- advertising started (this was known as mass marketing)
- consumers begin to buy things for fun, rather than buying only necessary materials
- New entertainment arouse
- Society
- urbanization
- poor living conditions (tenements)
- new opportunities for women in white collar jobs
- People who wanted change
- Florence Nightingale (1820 - 1910): she advocated for sanitation
- Ignaz Semmelweis (1818 - 1865):
- He researched about childbirth. Mothers’ who baby are delivered by doctors have a higher chance of being infected with childbirth fever or infection, than those whose babies were delivered by midwives.
-Semmelweis did not understand germ theory but hypothesized that if doctors washed their hands, the deaths would decrease.
- But nobody believed him, about germs and etc. so he committed suicide.
- Louis Pasteur (1822 - 1895): Pasteurization (germ theory → Cholera vaccine)
Safer Food Production
AVERAGE LIVING AGE
Male
|
Female
| |
1850
|
40.3
|
42.8
|
1910
|
52.7
|
56
|
SIGH. AFTER 2 HOURS =3=
I'm dead. Test tmrw for APWH
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