Issue 31: Biology

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1_NH7aKE8bHm28Yls0WsQq4D7YZ3sOBupTZyzhSr914Y/edit?usp=sharing

Some Characteristic of Living Things

-Reproduce have children (Sexual VS Asexual)

-Grow and develop: Changes as it gets used to the world

-Respond to environment: Adapt

-Made of tiny cells

-Universal genetic code

Life Processes:

-Growth

-Nutrition

-Transport

Metabolism: Biological Process chemical reactions that break down material.

Organism will cease to exist if its homeostasis is disrupted and not restored.

Synthesis: Combining simple molecules to form more complex ones

Cellular Respiration: A series of chemical reactions that releases stored chemical energy for use in work.

Excretion: The process of discharging waste processes

Operational Definition: Pin down what it means

A statement of how to define and measure a concept or quantity

Complex Web of Life: All the different species of plants, animals, and other life forms interconnected and interacting with each other

Organism interact w/ itself

-atmosphere, soil, bodies of water

-Need for life found in environment and reused

Only item that is added to the system daily is energy in form of sunlight

What is Ecology?

-Branch of Science that study environment: What is consist of and how it works

-Greek word: Study of our house

-Person who studies ecology: Ecologist

Levels of Ecological Organization

Biosphere: Includes all of the world’s ecosystems interacting

-Thin zone around planet

Ecosystem: Community and physical Environment

Community: Many different types of population interacting with each other

Population: All member of one species in given area @particular time

Living Thing: Biotic

Producers:

Make own food from simple substances

Chlorophyll- Photosynthesis

CO2 and H2O complex food molecules

Autotrophs: Self Feeders

Sunlight: Energy Sources

Productivity: Low -Low Photosynthesis…

Chemosynthesis: Bacteria to producer

Consumers:

Heterotrophs, other feeders

Animals that feeds on other organism

Herbivores: Eats Producers

Carnivore: Eats Animals “Flesh Eater”

Decomposers

Organism consume dead organism

Common: Fungi and Bacteria

Saprophyte: Plant Decomposer

Non Living: Abiotic

Ecosystem include any matter, energy, characteristics,

Climate: Amount of Rainfall, Sunlight, Temp Range

Moisture

Plants that live in desert have adaptation for prevent water lost

Ectothermic: Cold Blooded

Endothermic: Warm Blooded

Availability and intensity of sunlight

Photoperiod: Amt of light per day

Geology

Food Chain : Pathway in which energy flows from organism to organism

Issue 30: Significant Figures (Hoyle's Freshman Honor Chem Class)

https://docs.google.com/document/d/18c_kZAHEIQ4QR_OjVe8DsR38aWJdHoxbDD7hU5FsRgw/edit

1. All nonzero number are significant

2. Middle Zeros are significant

3. Beginning Zeros are never significant

4. Ending zeros are significant only if there is a decimal

5. All digits expressed before the exponent in a scientific notation are significant

http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch1/sigfigs.html

SIMPLEST OUTLINE FOR NOW

Issue 29: APWH

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1i91j8n43OA1KqBH2RgXm9J7oEpen7u2UgHca1HVA1TM/edit?usp=sharing

Issue 29:APWH:Early Humans & Development of Agriculture

Human Migration out of Africa

-Longest period of Human History: All humans lived in small bands as hunter-gathers.

-Small groups of Homo Sapiens spread out of East Africa through the Middle East to Asia and Europe about 100,000 years ago

-Groups passed through New Guinea and Australia: Sea levels were lower because of Ice Age glaciers.

-Groups enter America through Ice Age lang connection with Siberia.

-15,000 years ago, human lived in almost all of the habitable regions of the world.

Tools of Paleolithic Humans

-Spears, arrows, bladed tools ie. Axes and knives

-Harpoon and needles

-Fire

1. Protect people from dangerous animals at night

2.Helped keep people warm esp. with animal fur and hides

3. Cooking

-Spoken language developed as another important innovation of Paleolithic humans.

-Coordination of a band of people for hunting big game… ie.mastodons

Paleolithic Society

-Early humans travel in nomadic groups-few dozen hunter-gatherers.

-Formed around kinship and fairly self-sufficient.

-Believed that small bands of people exchanged ideas, valuable possessions and mates with each other

The Neolithic Revolution: An Experiment with Seeds leads to farming

-8000BCE: Neolithic Revolution

-Discovery of Agriculture most likely made by women who were experimenting with seeds they gathered.

-First farmers:Slash-and-Burn agriculture

Definition of Slash-and-Burn: Slash the bark and Burn the trees to the ground.

Problem of Slash-and-Burn: Although land initially very fertile, it lost much of that fertility after a few years and caused them to migrate to new areas, helping to facilitate the spread of agriculture to new areas.

-Breeding of Animals: Domestication

-Different crops were domesticated in different regions of the world

-Grains like wheat and barley first grown in fertile crescent of SW Asia.

-Rice and Soybeans: First grown in East Asia along Yangzi and Huang He River.

-Yam and Sorghum: Sub-Saharan Africa

-SE Asia: Taro and Bananas

-Maize, beans and potatoes grown in Americas

More Stability=More People

-Farming a lot more work: More Stable

-Avg. Hunter and Gatherer work only 4 hours a day to find food

-With Stability came Population increase.

-Hunter and gatherers had small families

-Moving had stop: family could be larger.

Think about it: When they moved around, mothers are like holding their infant children as they moved. Can’t have too many children. Also their lifespans are shorter.

Life in Neolithic Village

-Not everyone had to be a farmer

-Job Specializations

-Metalsmith, Miller, Brewer, Trader, Priest--Provide for famer and farmer provide for them.

-Beginning of Privately owning land-wealthier class emerged.

-Ownership of land=economic power

-Hand kept in families’ hand and passed down from generation to generation.

-Wealthiest desired luxury items which can be traded with other communities

-Neolithic people- Nature=Life or Death

-Learn changes of seasons based on position of sun, moon and stars.

-Religious Main Goal: PRESERVE FERTILITY: Both their and their land.

-Beliefs center on life cycle of birth, growth, death, regenerate life.

-Clay figurines of gods and goddesses

-Consequence of gender roles:

Men:

Working on fields

Herding Animals

Outside of home

Women:

Care for children

Weaving cloth

making cheese from milk

Inside of home

-Male became more dominant.

Early Inventions in Metal and Transportation

-Neolithic villages, three main craft induestries developed and became essential elements

-Pottery, Metallurgy, Textile

-Earliest metal: Copper-Jewelry and Simple tools

-Heated to become more workable and made into  knives, axes, hoes and weapons

-Foundation for later development of tools and weapons made from bronze and iron

-3000BCE: Mesopotamian metalworkers discover mixure, or alloy of copper and tin

-Much harder than Copper alone.

-BRONZE: Made into weapons such as swords, spears, axes, shields, armor and tools such as bronze-topped plows that significantly changed warfare and agriculture.

-Copper farily common ore. Tin more significantly rare.

-Long Distance Trade needed for Tin

-1000BCE Iron discovered

-Metal workers if Carbon added, it became stronger.

-Iron more common than Tin, more affordable to lower classes: Resultant changes in warfare and in some places like Greece, politics.

-Exact origin of Wheel is unknown

-Sumerians used wheeled carts for several centuries before they were more formally organized around 3200BCE.

-Wheel allowed for transport of heavier loads and much longer-distance travel and trades.

Alternative Way of Life: Not Everyone is Farmer

Pastoral Nomadism: Depend on herd for survival and traveled to find grassland or steppe land require for herd to graze.

-NOT FARMING: Developed fighting skills using both offensive and defensive military tactics to defend their herds

Issue 28: APWH: Up to 600 CE

9.5.2013: Issue 28: APWH: Up to 600BC

Using review notes from: Kaplan AP World History.

I am going to post parts of my previous homework and its going to a pdf. DO NOT COPY. I STRICTLY REPEAT. DO NOT USE MY EXACT WORDS. Like seriously……………….. if you copy, you will be in deep trouble if it get found out. SO DO NOT COPY!!!!!!!!!!!

These homework are  SPICES chart. Its really good and the religion one took me about 4 hours to do. SERIOUS DON’T BE SO LAZY and just copy everything.

By: Rei (now its Rei… before it was Miyu right? but its Rei now..)

5 important things to learn in chapter

1. From the simplest barter system to long journeys along trade routes, the exchange of goods and ideas shaped this period and led to further changes throughout the world.

Important Trade Routes that shaped development:

-Silk Road

-Indian Ocean

-Meditterranean Sea

2. Once people began to settle and gradually organize into early civilizations, the discovering of agriculture began to change their lives at a more rapid pace.

3.Gender Roles emerged as humans organized themselves in families.

Development of Agriculture led to division of labor so it deepened these divisions.

Roles were reinforced by religious systems and governmental systems

4. Major world religions developed and spread, shaping the civilizations they encountered,

Religions and belief systems which influenced large number of people throughout the time period including:

Asia

-Hinduism

- Buddhism

-Confucianism

-Taoism

Europe and Asia

-Christianity

-Judaism

https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B6c4uTCZ05QENUtlMXhsMlFLLWs/edit

5. Civilizations emerged that had organized governments, complex religions, social structures, job specializations, public works, system of writing, and arts and architecture

Civilizations that grew larger and more complicated government organizations as empires such as

Rome

Han

https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B6c4uTCZ05QEZWloWEJoTkdBMTQ/edit

This book I have for APWH reminds me of the Spices chart but I think I will put it anyways

1. Interactions between people and environments

which is basically the “I” in SPICES. This basically ask how does the environment affect human societies and vice versa.

1. Farming

- Neolithic Revolution- New Stone Age basically.

-People living in Steppes developed Pastoral Nomadism

-Pastoral Nomadism is basically wander around stalking and caring for animals, as the animals provide their daily needs.

2. Metals

-Copper to Bronze to Iron

-Use of metallurgy allowed humans to develop stronger and more efficient weapons and tools

2. Development and Interactions of Culture.

This is basically the “C” in Spices. This ask how do people express themselves and what is the impact of ideas.

1. Religion

-Questioning about Natural Events, afterlife, ethics, and the like, and religion played the role to answer these questions.

- Major religions developed around this time

2. Writing

-Kept records as civilization developed

-Developed further communicate system of writing

3. Artistic Expression

-People expressed themselves through the arts

-Earliest cave paintings to great works of architecture.

3. State building, expansion, and conflict

This is the first “S” in SPICES. Its how do the people govern themselves.

1.Cooperation

-Settle down in larger groups

-Facilitates the need to cooperate and get along

2.Cities

-Surplus of food

-Not all people need to farm for food.

-Surplus need to be protected

-Enabled the rise of cities, in which job specialization occur and larger population can be maintained

3.Civilization

- 1st cities, civilizations emerged with organized gov’t, complex religions, social structure, job specialization, public work project, systems of writing, art, and architecture.

- Over time it became more complex

4.Government

-Most early gov’t were nonrepresentative monarchies or oligarchies.

-Representative form of gov’t such as democracy and republics are uncommon.

5.Empires

-Many civilizations expand their original area of one state and conquered surrounding neighbors to build an empire.

4. Creation, expansion, and interactions of economic systems

This is basically the “E” in SPICES, asking how do economic developments affect the world?

1. Trade

-Simplest barter system to Long Journey on the Silk Road

-Exchange of goods and ideas shaped this period and led to further changes

-Currency were developed.

-Religions, ideas, and tech spread from one area to another

5. Development and transformation of social structures

This is the second “S” in SPICES. It asks how do people identify themselves socially, and what roles do men and women have?

1.Social Stratification

-Surplus of food means more time to do other things

-Job Specializations

-Social Class Structures based on economic roles

Aristocrats/Nobles

Artisans/Craftsmen

Tradesmen

Peasants.

2.Gender Roles

-With the development of agriculture division of labor deepened

- In almost all cultures outside Africa, women were excluded from position of power>>> PATRIARCHY.

-In most cultures, women had protective rights

-Patriarchy reinforced by organized religion

Issue 27:Scans of September. May be a little too easy but yeah. Also don't trust the examples too much。。。

t

My math notebook for Algebra II

I might scan and post my math notebook for Algebra II.

Gawd. Algebra II gave me so many problems. Actually it was the Honors part in my school that gave me problems. The regents pulled up my grade 10 points. That's how bad my grade was. And I was still 10 points below honor passing in that case. THAT'S HOW BAD I WAS. 

｡：ﾟ(｡ﾉω＼｡)ﾟ･｡ 

╥﹏╥

(╯︵╰,)

No, it was just me burden by homework for APWH =.=" and I could barely study for anything.

Bronx Science is a hard school if you take too many hard courses. Sheesh. I managed through but the classes and didn't make honor passing in my opinion... I was 0.04 away!!!!

Yes, yes. I passed Algebra II and I was told my notes are very detailed by my tutor?/family friend.

Hopefully you guys will like it. I will scan as much as possible tomorrow. 

-Ume

Sorry for not updating. School is tough. Good Luck Everyone :D