Science Test... Weather
9/22/11 ISSUE 1: SCIENCE TEST!!! Made by : Miyu-Chan
I know there’s a science test going to happen…. So, A lot of vocabulary..A lot of stuff I need to know…. For this test so… Weather and the simple stuff doc..
Atmosphere: Mixtures of gas that surrounds a planet (Earth)
The atmosphere protects Earth’s surface radiation & Helps regulate temperature
Air: Mixtures of Chemical Elements and Compounds
Most abundant elements in the air: Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Argon
Most abundant compounds: Carbon Dioxide &Water Vapor
Nitrogen: An element that makes up about 78% of the earth’s atmosphere
Nitrogen Cycle: How the Nitrogen in Earth’s atmosphere is maintain; nitrogen moves from air to soil and then to plants and animals and eventually moves back to the air
Oxygen: An element that makes up about 21% of the earth’s atmosphere
Photosynthesis: Land and ocean plants that produce a large quantity of oxygen in the air; the plants use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce their foods.
Water Vapor: Water that evaporated into air from ocean, lakes, and streams.
Dry Air has less than 1% of water vapor in the air
Wet Air may contain as much as 4% of water vapor in the air
Ozone: A gas molecule that is made up of 3 oxygen atom, Ozone = 0₃
Ozone Layer: Ozone in the Upper atmosphere that absorb harmful ultraviolet waves.
Without the ozone layer, living organisms will be severely damaged by UV waves
Ozone is a natural occurring gas that primarily presents in the stratosphere. The thin layer surrounds earth, which helps blocks ultraviolet rays from the sun. The layer of ozone is not distributive evenly around earth for an unusually thin layer is near the poles
Chlorofluorocarbons: CFC breaks down ozone and caused ozone layer to weaken
Particulates Ex: Volcanic Dust, Ash from Fire, Microscopic Organisms
Atmospheric Pressure: The force per unit area that is exerted on a surface by the weight of the atmosphere
Barometer: Instrument that measures atmospheric pressure
Mercurial Barometer and Aneroid Barometers are both barometers that measure air pressure
Troposphere: The Lowest Layer of the Atmosphere, which temperature drops on a constant rate as altitude increase
Stratosphere: The Layer of the Atmosphere that lies in between Troposphere and Mesosphere which temperature increase the higher the altitude
Mesosphere: The coldest layer of the atmosphere, temperature decrease the higher the altitude
Thermosphere: Uppermost layer of the atmosphere, temperature increase the higher the altitude. The thermosphere contains the ionosphere and the exosphere. Ionosphere-Inner Exosphere-Outer
Auroras happen when interaction between solar radiation and the ionosphere
Air Pollutant: Any substance that is harmful to people, animals, plants, and property
Temperature Inversion: Layering of warm air on top of cold air
Smog: Combo of Smoke and Fog
Radiation: All forms of energy that travel through all spaces as waves
A wavelength is from crest to crest
Electromagnetic Spectrum: All the frequency or wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation
Solar Energy Solar Energy absorb by clouds, dust & gases
100% 20% Solar Energy reflected by clouds, dust, and earth’s surface 30%
Solar Energy Absorbed by Earth’s surface 50%
Scattering occurs when particles and gas molecules in the atmosphere reflect and bend solar rays. This deflection causes the rays to travel in all directions w/o changing wave length
Albedo: the fraction of solar radiation that is reflected off the surface of an object
Earth is said to have an Albedo of 0.3
The sun constantly emits radiation. Solar Radiation that is not reflected is absorbed by rocks, soil, water, and other surface materials. Then heated material convert the energy to infrared rays of longer wavelength and reemit it as those waves.
Mirage: Warm air near earth’s surface bend light waves to produce an effect.
Greenhouse Effect: the warming of the surface and lower atmosphere of Earth that occurs when carbon dioxide, water vapor, and other gases in the air absorb and reradiate infrared rays
Radiation from the sun does not heat Earth equally at all places at all times. Earth’s surface must absorb energy for a time before enough heat has been absorbed and reradiated from the ground to change the temperature of the atmosphere. That’s why the warmest time of day are usually mid to late afternoon even though solar radiation is most intense at noon.
The rays of the sun strike the ground near the equator at a 90° angle, that’s why there is more direct sunlight and more intense.
Conduction: the transfer of heat through a material
Convection: the movement of matter due to the differences in density that are caused by temperature variation and can result in the transfer of heat.
Pressure differences in the atmosphere cause the movement of air worldwide
Coriolis Effect: the curving of the path of a moving object from an otherwise straight path due to the earth’s rotation
Convection Cells: looping pattern of flow
6 wind belts, characterized by winds that flow in 1 main direction
Prevailing Winds =the wind above
Trade Winds: prevailing winds that blow east to west from 30° latitude (N & S) to the equator
Westerlies: Prevailing Winds that blow west to east between 30° latitude (N & S) to 60°latitude
Polar Easterlies: prevailing winds that blow from east to west between 60° latitude (N& S) to 90°
Front: Stormy Regions
Doldrums: the trade wind system of the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere meet at the equator in the narrow zone
Horse Latitude: The subtropical high pressure zones
Jet Stream: a narrow band of strong winds that blow in the upper troposphere.
Jet streams are about 100km wide and 2-3 km thick, are located 500km/h and can affect airline routes and the path of storms.
Subtropical jet stream: In the subtropical regions, very warm equatorial air meets the cooler air of the middle latitudes
Breezes: Gentle winds that extend over distance of less than 100km
Sea Breeze: A cool wind moving from above the water to land
Land Breeze: Flows from the cool land towards the warmer water
Valley Breeze: warm air from the valleys move upslope.
Mountain Breeze: cool air descends from the mountain peaks
Latent Heat: the heat energy that is absorbed or released by a substance during a phase changes
Sublimation: The process by which a solid changes directly into gas
Dew Point: At constant pressure and water vapor content, the temperature at which the rate of condensation equals the rate of evaporation
Absolute Humidity: The mass of water vapor per unit volume of air that contains the water vapor, usually expressed as grams of water vapor per cubic meter of air
Mass of water vapor (grams)
Absolute Humidity = Volume of air (cubic meters)
Relative Humidity the ratio of the amount of water vapor in the air to the amount of water vapor needed to reach saturation at a given temperature
Humidity is commonly measured by a humidity sensor that uses a thin polymer film
Psychrometer is another instrument that used to measure relative humidity. It consists of two identical thermometers.
Dew Cell measures relative humidity.
Hair Hygrometer determines relative humidity based on the principle that hair becomes longer as relative humidity increases, as the relative humidity decrease, the hair becomes shorter
Radiosonde is a hygrometer that may be carried up the atmosphere attached to a weather balloon.
Cloud: a collection of small water droplets or ice crystals suspended in the air, which forms when the air is cooled and condensation occurs
Condensation Nucleus: A solid particle in the atmosphere that provides the surface on which water vapor condenses
Adiabatic Cooling: the process by which the temperature of an air mass decreases as the air mass rises and expands
Advective Cooling: The process by which the temperature of an air mass decreases as the air mass moves over a cold surface
Stratus Cloud: A gray cloud that has a flat uniform base and that commonly forms at very low altitude
Cumulus Cloud: A low-level, billowy cloud that commonly has a top that resembles cotton balls and a dark bottom
Cirrus Cloud: A feathery cloud that is composed of ice crystal and that has the highest altitude of any cloud in the sky
Fog: The result of condensation of water vapor in the air, that forms near earth’s surface
Radiation Fog: Fog that results from the loss of heat by radiation
Advection Fog: Fog the forms when warm, moist air moves across a cold surface
Upslope Fog: Fog that forms by lifting and cooling of air as air rises along land slopes.
Steam Fog: Fog that a shallow layer of fog that forms when cool air moves over an inland warm body of water
Precipitation: Any form of water that falls to Earth’s surface from the clouds; includes rain, snow, sleet, and hail
Drizzle= small amount of total precipitation
Snow= ice particles
Sleet = ground, clear ice pellets
Glaze Ice=Thick layer of ice
Ice Storm= Condition in which glaze ice is produce
Hail= solid precipitation/lump of snow
Coalescence: Formation of large droplet by the combo of smaller droplets
Supercooling: Is a condition in which a substance is cooled to below its freezing point, w/o changing state. (it could be as low as -50°C)
Rain gauge measures rainfall
Cloud Seeding: process of introducing freezing nuclei or condensation nuclei into a cloud to cause rain to fall
Air Mass: a large body of air throughout which temperature and moisture content are similar
Maritime-Moist-m (form over water)
Continental-Dry-c (form over land)
Tropical- Warm-T
Polar-Cold- P
Cold Fronts: the front edge of a moving mass of cold air that pushes beneath a warmer air mass like wedge-short storms, violent, warm moist air ahead
Warm Fronts: the front edge of advancing warm air mass that replaces colder air with warmer air-produces precipitation over a large area and may cause violent weather
Stationary Front: A front of air masses that moves either very slowly or not at all (similar to warm front)
Occluded Front: A Front that forms when a cold air mass overtakes a warm air mass and lifts the warm air mass off the ground and over another air mass
Midlatitude cyclone: an area of low pressure that is characterized by rotating wind that moves toward the rising air of the central low-pressure regions
Thunderstorm: A heavy storm w/ rain, thunder, lighting and strong winds
Hurricane: A severe storm that develops over tropical oceans and whose strong winds of more then120km/h spiral in toward the intensely low-pressure storm center
Tornado: A destructive rotating column of air that has very high wind speeds and that is visible as a funnel-shaped cloud
Thermometer measures temperature
Anemometer measures wind speed
Wind Vane: An instrument used to determine direction of the wind
Radar: Radio Detections and Ranging. A system that uses reflected radio waves to determine the velocity and location of objects
Each station in the system sends its data to a collection center
Station Model: A pattern of meteorological symbols that represents the weather at a particular observing station and that is record on a weather map
Climate: The average weather conditions in an area over a long period of time
Specific Heat: the amount of energy needed to change the temperature of 1g of a substance by 1°C.
El Niño: Warm water phase of the El Nino- Southern Oscillation; a periodic occurrence in the eastern Pacific Ocean in which the surface-water temperature becomes unusually warm
El Niña is the cold water phase.
Monsoon: A seasonal wind that blows toward the land in the summer, bringing heavy rains, and that blows away from the land in the winter, bringing dry weather.
Tropical Climate: A climate characterized by high temperatures and heavy precipitation during at least part of the year; typical of equatorial regions
Middle-Latitude Climate: A climate that has an average maximum temperature of 8°C in the coldest month and an average minimum temperature of 10°C in the warmest month
Polar Climate: A climate that is characterized by average temperatures that are near or freezing; typical of polar regions.
Microclimate: Climate of a small area
Climatologist: Scientist who try to answer these questions by gathering data to study and compare past and present climates
Global Warming: A gradual increase in the average global temperature that is due to a higher concentration of gases such as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
I know there’s a science test going to happen…. So, A lot of vocabulary..A lot of stuff I need to know…. For this test so… Weather and the simple stuff doc..
Atmosphere: Mixtures of gas that surrounds a planet (Earth)
The atmosphere protects Earth’s surface radiation & Helps regulate temperature
Air: Mixtures of Chemical Elements and Compounds
Most abundant elements in the air: Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Argon
Most abundant compounds: Carbon Dioxide &Water Vapor
Nitrogen: An element that makes up about 78% of the earth’s atmosphere
Nitrogen Cycle: How the Nitrogen in Earth’s atmosphere is maintain; nitrogen moves from air to soil and then to plants and animals and eventually moves back to the air
Oxygen: An element that makes up about 21% of the earth’s atmosphere
Photosynthesis: Land and ocean plants that produce a large quantity of oxygen in the air; the plants use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce their foods.
Water Vapor: Water that evaporated into air from ocean, lakes, and streams.
Dry Air has less than 1% of water vapor in the air
Wet Air may contain as much as 4% of water vapor in the air
Ozone: A gas molecule that is made up of 3 oxygen atom, Ozone = 0₃
Ozone Layer: Ozone in the Upper atmosphere that absorb harmful ultraviolet waves.
Without the ozone layer, living organisms will be severely damaged by UV waves
Ozone is a natural occurring gas that primarily presents in the stratosphere. The thin layer surrounds earth, which helps blocks ultraviolet rays from the sun. The layer of ozone is not distributive evenly around earth for an unusually thin layer is near the poles
Chlorofluorocarbons: CFC breaks down ozone and caused ozone layer to weaken
Particulates Ex: Volcanic Dust, Ash from Fire, Microscopic Organisms
Atmospheric Pressure: The force per unit area that is exerted on a surface by the weight of the atmosphere
Barometer: Instrument that measures atmospheric pressure
Mercurial Barometer and Aneroid Barometers are both barometers that measure air pressure
Troposphere: The Lowest Layer of the Atmosphere, which temperature drops on a constant rate as altitude increase
Stratosphere: The Layer of the Atmosphere that lies in between Troposphere and Mesosphere which temperature increase the higher the altitude
Mesosphere: The coldest layer of the atmosphere, temperature decrease the higher the altitude
Thermosphere: Uppermost layer of the atmosphere, temperature increase the higher the altitude. The thermosphere contains the ionosphere and the exosphere. Ionosphere-Inner Exosphere-Outer
Auroras happen when interaction between solar radiation and the ionosphere
Air Pollutant: Any substance that is harmful to people, animals, plants, and property
Temperature Inversion: Layering of warm air on top of cold air
Smog: Combo of Smoke and Fog
Radiation: All forms of energy that travel through all spaces as waves
A wavelength is from crest to crest
Electromagnetic Spectrum: All the frequency or wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation
Solar Energy Solar Energy absorb by clouds, dust & gases
100% 20% Solar Energy reflected by clouds, dust, and earth’s surface 30%
Solar Energy Absorbed by Earth’s surface 50%
Scattering occurs when particles and gas molecules in the atmosphere reflect and bend solar rays. This deflection causes the rays to travel in all directions w/o changing wave length
- Causes the sky above to be blue and sunsets & sunrises being red
Albedo: the fraction of solar radiation that is reflected off the surface of an object
Earth is said to have an Albedo of 0.3
The sun constantly emits radiation. Solar Radiation that is not reflected is absorbed by rocks, soil, water, and other surface materials. Then heated material convert the energy to infrared rays of longer wavelength and reemit it as those waves.
Mirage: Warm air near earth’s surface bend light waves to produce an effect.
Greenhouse Effect: the warming of the surface and lower atmosphere of Earth that occurs when carbon dioxide, water vapor, and other gases in the air absorb and reradiate infrared rays
Radiation from the sun does not heat Earth equally at all places at all times. Earth’s surface must absorb energy for a time before enough heat has been absorbed and reradiated from the ground to change the temperature of the atmosphere. That’s why the warmest time of day are usually mid to late afternoon even though solar radiation is most intense at noon.
The rays of the sun strike the ground near the equator at a 90° angle, that’s why there is more direct sunlight and more intense.
Conduction: the transfer of heat through a material
Convection: the movement of matter due to the differences in density that are caused by temperature variation and can result in the transfer of heat.
Pressure differences in the atmosphere cause the movement of air worldwide
Coriolis Effect: the curving of the path of a moving object from an otherwise straight path due to the earth’s rotation
Convection Cells: looping pattern of flow
6 wind belts, characterized by winds that flow in 1 main direction
Prevailing Winds =the wind above
Trade Winds: prevailing winds that blow east to west from 30° latitude (N & S) to the equator
Westerlies: Prevailing Winds that blow west to east between 30° latitude (N & S) to 60°latitude
Polar Easterlies: prevailing winds that blow from east to west between 60° latitude (N& S) to 90°
Front: Stormy Regions
Doldrums: the trade wind system of the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere meet at the equator in the narrow zone
Horse Latitude: The subtropical high pressure zones
Jet Stream: a narrow band of strong winds that blow in the upper troposphere.
Jet streams are about 100km wide and 2-3 km thick, are located 500km/h and can affect airline routes and the path of storms.
Subtropical jet stream: In the subtropical regions, very warm equatorial air meets the cooler air of the middle latitudes
Breezes: Gentle winds that extend over distance of less than 100km
Sea Breeze: A cool wind moving from above the water to land
Land Breeze: Flows from the cool land towards the warmer water
Valley Breeze: warm air from the valleys move upslope.
Mountain Breeze: cool air descends from the mountain peaks
Latent Heat: the heat energy that is absorbed or released by a substance during a phase changes
Sublimation: The process by which a solid changes directly into gas
Dew Point: At constant pressure and water vapor content, the temperature at which the rate of condensation equals the rate of evaporation
Absolute Humidity: The mass of water vapor per unit volume of air that contains the water vapor, usually expressed as grams of water vapor per cubic meter of air
Mass of water vapor (grams)
Absolute Humidity = Volume of air (cubic meters)
Relative Humidity the ratio of the amount of water vapor in the air to the amount of water vapor needed to reach saturation at a given temperature
Humidity is commonly measured by a humidity sensor that uses a thin polymer film
Psychrometer is another instrument that used to measure relative humidity. It consists of two identical thermometers.
Dew Cell measures relative humidity.
Hair Hygrometer determines relative humidity based on the principle that hair becomes longer as relative humidity increases, as the relative humidity decrease, the hair becomes shorter
Radiosonde is a hygrometer that may be carried up the atmosphere attached to a weather balloon.
Cloud: a collection of small water droplets or ice crystals suspended in the air, which forms when the air is cooled and condensation occurs
Condensation Nucleus: A solid particle in the atmosphere that provides the surface on which water vapor condenses
Adiabatic Cooling: the process by which the temperature of an air mass decreases as the air mass rises and expands
Advective Cooling: The process by which the temperature of an air mass decreases as the air mass moves over a cold surface
Stratus Cloud: A gray cloud that has a flat uniform base and that commonly forms at very low altitude
Cumulus Cloud: A low-level, billowy cloud that commonly has a top that resembles cotton balls and a dark bottom
Cirrus Cloud: A feathery cloud that is composed of ice crystal and that has the highest altitude of any cloud in the sky
Fog: The result of condensation of water vapor in the air, that forms near earth’s surface
Radiation Fog: Fog that results from the loss of heat by radiation
Advection Fog: Fog the forms when warm, moist air moves across a cold surface
Upslope Fog: Fog that forms by lifting and cooling of air as air rises along land slopes.
Steam Fog: Fog that a shallow layer of fog that forms when cool air moves over an inland warm body of water
Precipitation: Any form of water that falls to Earth’s surface from the clouds; includes rain, snow, sleet, and hail
Drizzle= small amount of total precipitation
Snow= ice particles
Sleet = ground, clear ice pellets
Glaze Ice=Thick layer of ice
Ice Storm= Condition in which glaze ice is produce
Hail= solid precipitation/lump of snow
Coalescence: Formation of large droplet by the combo of smaller droplets
Supercooling: Is a condition in which a substance is cooled to below its freezing point, w/o changing state. (it could be as low as -50°C)
Rain gauge measures rainfall
Cloud Seeding: process of introducing freezing nuclei or condensation nuclei into a cloud to cause rain to fall
Air Mass: a large body of air throughout which temperature and moisture content are similar
Maritime-Moist-m (form over water)
Continental-Dry-c (form over land)
Tropical- Warm-T
Polar-Cold- P
Cold Fronts: the front edge of a moving mass of cold air that pushes beneath a warmer air mass like wedge-short storms, violent, warm moist air ahead
Warm Fronts: the front edge of advancing warm air mass that replaces colder air with warmer air-produces precipitation over a large area and may cause violent weather
Stationary Front: A front of air masses that moves either very slowly or not at all (similar to warm front)
Occluded Front: A Front that forms when a cold air mass overtakes a warm air mass and lifts the warm air mass off the ground and over another air mass
Midlatitude cyclone: an area of low pressure that is characterized by rotating wind that moves toward the rising air of the central low-pressure regions
Thunderstorm: A heavy storm w/ rain, thunder, lighting and strong winds
Hurricane: A severe storm that develops over tropical oceans and whose strong winds of more then120km/h spiral in toward the intensely low-pressure storm center
Tornado: A destructive rotating column of air that has very high wind speeds and that is visible as a funnel-shaped cloud
Thermometer measures temperature
Anemometer measures wind speed
Wind Vane: An instrument used to determine direction of the wind
Radar: Radio Detections and Ranging. A system that uses reflected radio waves to determine the velocity and location of objects
Each station in the system sends its data to a collection center
Station Model: A pattern of meteorological symbols that represents the weather at a particular observing station and that is record on a weather map
Climate: The average weather conditions in an area over a long period of time
Specific Heat: the amount of energy needed to change the temperature of 1g of a substance by 1°C.
El Niño: Warm water phase of the El Nino- Southern Oscillation; a periodic occurrence in the eastern Pacific Ocean in which the surface-water temperature becomes unusually warm
El Niña is the cold water phase.
Monsoon: A seasonal wind that blows toward the land in the summer, bringing heavy rains, and that blows away from the land in the winter, bringing dry weather.
Tropical Climate: A climate characterized by high temperatures and heavy precipitation during at least part of the year; typical of equatorial regions
Middle-Latitude Climate: A climate that has an average maximum temperature of 8°C in the coldest month and an average minimum temperature of 10°C in the warmest month
Polar Climate: A climate that is characterized by average temperatures that are near or freezing; typical of polar regions.
Microclimate: Climate of a small area
Climatologist: Scientist who try to answer these questions by gathering data to study and compare past and present climates
Global Warming: A gradual increase in the average global temperature that is due to a higher concentration of gases such as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
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