1.02.11 ISSUE 5: SCIENCE MIDTERM!!!
Made by: Miyu-Chan, Em
OH NO!!! >:( ……LOL random…too dramatic…
Crust:The crust is about 5 to 70 thick. It is the coolest layer. It is brittle and rigid. The crust has two parts, the oceanic crust and continental crust. The oceanic crust is dense and made of rocks rich in iron and magnesium. The continental crust is low density and is made of rock rich in silica. It is less than 1% of Earth’s volume
Moho: Moho stands for Mohorovicic Discontinuity layer. It is the boundary between the crust and Mantle.The Mohorovičić discontinuity was first identified in 1909 by Mohorovičić, when he observed that seismograms from shallow-focus earthquakes had two sets of P-waves and S-waves, one that followed a direct path near the Earth's surface and the other refracted by a high velocity medium.
Mantle: The Mantle is the thickest layer of the earth, about 2890km thick. It is viscous (semi solid). It makes about 80% of the Earth’s volume. The upper mantle is subdivided into two layers, the asthenosphere and lithosphere. The asthenosphere is the outer layer about 200km and composed of plastic flowing rocks. The lithosphere is composed of rigid rocks that extends up to 120 km.The solid, plastic layer of the mantle beneath the lithosphere; made of mantle rock that flows very slowly, which allows tectonic plates to move on top of it.
Core: The core makes up ≈15% of the volume of the Earth. Seismic Evidence and deep core drilling, the inner core has a radius of ≈1220km of dense packed solid made of gold, platinum, and other iron compounds. The outer core is believed to be made of liquid nickel and other light elements. The liquid core radius is about 3400km
Sea Floor Spreading: In the late 1950s, Harry Hess suggested a new hypothesis. He proposed that the valley at the center of the ridge is a crack or rift in Earth’s crust. New ocean floor is constantly being produced through sea-floor spreading, which creates mid-ocean ridges and changes the topography of the sea floor. Sea-floor spreading provides a mechanism for continental drift.
Mid-Ocean Ridges: A long, undersea mt. chain that has a steep, narrow valley at its center, that forms as magma rises from the astenosphere and creates new oceanic lithosphere as tectonic plates move apart
Plate Tectonics: the theory that explains why and how continents move and is the study of formation of features in Earth’s Crust. There are about 15 major tectonic plates.
Rifting: The Process by which Earth’s crust breaks apart; can occur within continental crust or oceanic crust.
Terrane: A piece of lithosphere that has a unique geologic history and that may be part of a larger piece of lithosphere, such as a continent. It becomes a part of a continent at convergent boundaries.
Stress: Amount of force per ut. Area that acts on the rock.
Strain: Any changes in shape or volume of rock that results from stress
Fold: A ductile strain in which rock layers bend, usu. as a result of compression
Ridges: Large narrow strip of elevated land that can occur near mts
Mountain System: A group of mountain that are adjacent
Mountain Belts: the largest mountain systems of 2 larger systems
Plateaus: large flat of high area above the sea level
Focus: (Foci)The underground place where an earthquake starts.
Epicenter:The point on the earth's surface vertically above the focus of an earthquake
Body wave: travel through the interior of the Earth. They follow curved paths because of the varying density and composition of the Earth's interior.
Surface Waves: Seismic waves that propagate along the surface of the earth
P-wave:A body wave that causes the compression of rocks when its energy acts upon them. When the P wave moves past a rock, the rock expands beyond its original volume, only to be compressed again by the next P wave. P waves are the fastest of all seismic waves.
S-Wave:A type of seismic wave, the S-wave, secondary wave, or shear wave (sometimes called an elastic S-wave) is one of the two main types of elastic body waves, so named because they move through the body of an object,
Love Wave:A seismic surface shock wave, which is also known as a Q-wave, with a lateral horizontal movement perpendicular to the direction of propagation (L-Wave)
Rayleigh wave:A type of surface wave having a retrograde, elliptical motion at the earth's surface, similar to the waves caused when a stone is dropped into a pond. These are the slowest, but often the largest and most destructive, of the wave types caused by an earthquake
Seismograph: Instrument that records vibrations in the ground
Seismogram: A tracing of earthquake motion that is recorded by seismograph
Magnitude: A measure of the strength of an earthquake
Intensity: Amount of damage caused by the earthquake
Trench:The place in the ocean floor along the edge of an continent where plates are subducted
Sea Floor Spreading: The process of adding to the Earth's crust at mid-ocean ridges as magma wells up and forces previously formed crust apart.
Folds: Bends in Strata
Half Life: Radioisotope is the time required for one-half of the unstable radioisotope to change into a stable decay product
Radioactive Decay: Atoms of unstable isotopes break apart
Divergent boundary: 2 plates move away from each other to form rifts and mid-ocean ridges
Convergent boundary: plates moving towards each other and colliding to form ocean trenches, mt. ranges, volcanoes, and island arcs
Transform Boundaries: Plates sliding past each other while moving in opposite directions
Air Mass: a large body of air throughout which temperature and moisture content are similar
Maritime-Moist-m (form over water)
Continental-Dry-c (form over land)
Tropical- Warm-T
Polar-Cold- P
Planetary Winds or global winds under >
Electromagnetic Spectrum: All the frequency or wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation
Coriolis Effect: the curving of the path of a moving object from an otherwise straight path due to the earth’s rotation
Convection Cells: looping pattern of flow
6 wind belts, characterized by winds that flow in 1 main direction
Prevailing Winds =the wind above
Trade Winds: prevailing winds that blow east to west from 30° latitude (N & S) to the equator
Westerlies: Prevailing Winds that blow west to east between 30° latitude (N & S) to 60°latitude
Polar Easterlies: prevailing winds that blow from east to west between 60° latitude (N& S) to 90°
HR DIAGRAM^
Latitude: The angular distance north or south of the earth's equator, measured in degrees along a meridian, as on a map or globe.
Longitude: Angular distance on the earth's surface, measured east or west from the prime meridian at Greenwich, England, to the meridian passing through a position, expressed in degrees (or hours), minutes, and seconds.
Blue Shift: If the source moving closer from the observer, more crest per second reach the eye, so the light is now interpreted as having a shorter wavelength such as a blue light...
Redshift: if the source moving away from the observer fewer crests per second reach the eye, so the light is now interpreted as having a longer wavelength such as a red light.
A circumpolar star: a star that never sets when viewed from from a particular latitude here on Earth(never disappears below the horizon), because of its proximity to one of the celestial poles, so these stars are visible for the entire night, every night of the year. They would also be visible 24 hours of the day if the Sun was not brighter.
Perigee/perihelion: part of the path where the objects are closest to one another
Apogee/Aphelion:point in the path where objects are furthest apart
Eccenticity: Flatness of the ellispe
Heliocentric model: a model of the universe in which the sun is at the center of our solar system and planets revolve around the sun.
Geocentric model: a model of the universe that is earth centered and all other objects revolve around the Earth. This is proven wrong by Ptolemy who created the Heliocentric model
Heliocentric: Sun centered model of the universe...all other objects revolve around the su
Mercalli Scale: a scale that measures the intensity of an earthquake
Evidence on Rotations:
The Foucault Pendulum:The Foucault pendulum was the first demonstration of the Earth’s rotation that did not rely on astronomical observation. As you watch the pendulum for just a short time, it will appear to be moving clockwise across the mosaic map on the floor. But, since there is no outside force making the pendulum rotate as it swings, and no other outside force interrupting the swing, it must be the floor itself that is rotating, while the path of the pendulum’s swing remains constant.
*earth’s axis of rotation is 23 and a half degrees
Coriolis Effect: the curving of the path of a moving object from an otherwise straight path due to the earth’s rotation. Since curving paths of ocean currents and weather systems wouldn’t occur on a stationary Earth, their existence is considered proofs of Earth’s rotation.
Tides: the rising and falling of seas due to the gravitational effect of the moon and sun, however they are smaller because the sun is so much farther from earth than the moon is .tides occur 4 times a year, 2 high and 2 low.
Spring Tides: are high tides that occur during new and full moon and these tides have the greatest tidal range
Neap Tides: very little tidal change occurs. moon is at right angle with earth. occur during the first and third quarter moons
Tidal bulge: form because the moon’s gravitational pull on earth decreases with the distance from the moon. As a result, the ocean on Earth’s near side is pulled toward the the moon with the greatest force. The ocean on the Earth’s far side is subject to less force than the solid Earth is. these differences causes Earth’s tidal bulges.
Made by: Miyu-Chan, Em
OH NO!!! >:( ……LOL random…too dramatic…
Crust:The crust is about 5 to 70 thick. It is the coolest layer. It is brittle and rigid. The crust has two parts, the oceanic crust and continental crust. The oceanic crust is dense and made of rocks rich in iron and magnesium. The continental crust is low density and is made of rock rich in silica. It is less than 1% of Earth’s volume
Moho: Moho stands for Mohorovicic Discontinuity layer. It is the boundary between the crust and Mantle.The Mohorovičić discontinuity was first identified in 1909 by Mohorovičić, when he observed that seismograms from shallow-focus earthquakes had two sets of P-waves and S-waves, one that followed a direct path near the Earth's surface and the other refracted by a high velocity medium.
Mantle: The Mantle is the thickest layer of the earth, about 2890km thick. It is viscous (semi solid). It makes about 80% of the Earth’s volume. The upper mantle is subdivided into two layers, the asthenosphere and lithosphere. The asthenosphere is the outer layer about 200km and composed of plastic flowing rocks. The lithosphere is composed of rigid rocks that extends up to 120 km.The solid, plastic layer of the mantle beneath the lithosphere; made of mantle rock that flows very slowly, which allows tectonic plates to move on top of it.
Core: The core makes up ≈15% of the volume of the Earth. Seismic Evidence and deep core drilling, the inner core has a radius of ≈1220km of dense packed solid made of gold, platinum, and other iron compounds. The outer core is believed to be made of liquid nickel and other light elements. The liquid core radius is about 3400km
Sea Floor Spreading: In the late 1950s, Harry Hess suggested a new hypothesis. He proposed that the valley at the center of the ridge is a crack or rift in Earth’s crust. New ocean floor is constantly being produced through sea-floor spreading, which creates mid-ocean ridges and changes the topography of the sea floor. Sea-floor spreading provides a mechanism for continental drift.
Mid-Ocean Ridges: A long, undersea mt. chain that has a steep, narrow valley at its center, that forms as magma rises from the astenosphere and creates new oceanic lithosphere as tectonic plates move apart
Plate Tectonics: the theory that explains why and how continents move and is the study of formation of features in Earth’s Crust. There are about 15 major tectonic plates.
Rifting: The Process by which Earth’s crust breaks apart; can occur within continental crust or oceanic crust.
Terrane: A piece of lithosphere that has a unique geologic history and that may be part of a larger piece of lithosphere, such as a continent. It becomes a part of a continent at convergent boundaries.
Stress: Amount of force per ut. Area that acts on the rock.
Strain: Any changes in shape or volume of rock that results from stress
Fold: A ductile strain in which rock layers bend, usu. as a result of compression
Ridges: Large narrow strip of elevated land that can occur near mts
Mountain System: A group of mountain that are adjacent
Mountain Belts: the largest mountain systems of 2 larger systems
Plateaus: large flat of high area above the sea level
Focus: (Foci)The underground place where an earthquake starts.
Epicenter:The point on the earth's surface vertically above the focus of an earthquake
Body wave: travel through the interior of the Earth. They follow curved paths because of the varying density and composition of the Earth's interior.
Surface Waves: Seismic waves that propagate along the surface of the earth
P-wave:A body wave that causes the compression of rocks when its energy acts upon them. When the P wave moves past a rock, the rock expands beyond its original volume, only to be compressed again by the next P wave. P waves are the fastest of all seismic waves.
S-Wave:A type of seismic wave, the S-wave, secondary wave, or shear wave (sometimes called an elastic S-wave) is one of the two main types of elastic body waves, so named because they move through the body of an object,
Love Wave:A seismic surface shock wave, which is also known as a Q-wave, with a lateral horizontal movement perpendicular to the direction of propagation (L-Wave)
Rayleigh wave:A type of surface wave having a retrograde, elliptical motion at the earth's surface, similar to the waves caused when a stone is dropped into a pond. These are the slowest, but often the largest and most destructive, of the wave types caused by an earthquake
Seismograph: Instrument that records vibrations in the ground
Seismogram: A tracing of earthquake motion that is recorded by seismograph
Magnitude: A measure of the strength of an earthquake
Intensity: Amount of damage caused by the earthquake
Trench:The place in the ocean floor along the edge of an continent where plates are subducted
Sea Floor Spreading: The process of adding to the Earth's crust at mid-ocean ridges as magma wells up and forces previously formed crust apart.
Folds: Bends in Strata
Half Life: Radioisotope is the time required for one-half of the unstable radioisotope to change into a stable decay product
Radioactive Decay: Atoms of unstable isotopes break apart
Divergent boundary: 2 plates move away from each other to form rifts and mid-ocean ridges
Convergent boundary: plates moving towards each other and colliding to form ocean trenches, mt. ranges, volcanoes, and island arcs
Transform Boundaries: Plates sliding past each other while moving in opposite directions
Air Mass: a large body of air throughout which temperature and moisture content are similar
Maritime-Moist-m (form over water)
Continental-Dry-c (form over land)
Tropical- Warm-T
Polar-Cold- P
Planetary Winds or global winds under >
Electromagnetic Spectrum: All the frequency or wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation
Coriolis Effect: the curving of the path of a moving object from an otherwise straight path due to the earth’s rotation
Convection Cells: looping pattern of flow
6 wind belts, characterized by winds that flow in 1 main direction
Prevailing Winds =the wind above
Trade Winds: prevailing winds that blow east to west from 30° latitude (N & S) to the equator
Westerlies: Prevailing Winds that blow west to east between 30° latitude (N & S) to 60°latitude
Polar Easterlies: prevailing winds that blow from east to west between 60° latitude (N& S) to 90°
HR DIAGRAM^
Latitude: The angular distance north or south of the earth's equator, measured in degrees along a meridian, as on a map or globe.
Longitude: Angular distance on the earth's surface, measured east or west from the prime meridian at Greenwich, England, to the meridian passing through a position, expressed in degrees (or hours), minutes, and seconds.
Blue Shift: If the source moving closer from the observer, more crest per second reach the eye, so the light is now interpreted as having a shorter wavelength such as a blue light...
Redshift: if the source moving away from the observer fewer crests per second reach the eye, so the light is now interpreted as having a longer wavelength such as a red light.
A circumpolar star: a star that never sets when viewed from from a particular latitude here on Earth(never disappears below the horizon), because of its proximity to one of the celestial poles, so these stars are visible for the entire night, every night of the year. They would also be visible 24 hours of the day if the Sun was not brighter.
Perigee/perihelion: part of the path where the objects are closest to one another
Apogee/Aphelion:point in the path where objects are furthest apart
Eccenticity: Flatness of the ellispe
Heliocentric model: a model of the universe in which the sun is at the center of our solar system and planets revolve around the sun.
Geocentric model: a model of the universe that is earth centered and all other objects revolve around the Earth. This is proven wrong by Ptolemy who created the Heliocentric model
Heliocentric: Sun centered model of the universe...all other objects revolve around the su
Mercalli Scale: a scale that measures the intensity of an earthquake
Evidence on Rotations:
The Foucault Pendulum:The Foucault pendulum was the first demonstration of the Earth’s rotation that did not rely on astronomical observation. As you watch the pendulum for just a short time, it will appear to be moving clockwise across the mosaic map on the floor. But, since there is no outside force making the pendulum rotate as it swings, and no other outside force interrupting the swing, it must be the floor itself that is rotating, while the path of the pendulum’s swing remains constant.
*earth’s axis of rotation is 23 and a half degrees
Coriolis Effect: the curving of the path of a moving object from an otherwise straight path due to the earth’s rotation. Since curving paths of ocean currents and weather systems wouldn’t occur on a stationary Earth, their existence is considered proofs of Earth’s rotation.
Tides: the rising and falling of seas due to the gravitational effect of the moon and sun, however they are smaller because the sun is so much farther from earth than the moon is .tides occur 4 times a year, 2 high and 2 low.
Spring Tides: are high tides that occur during new and full moon and these tides have the greatest tidal range
Neap Tides: very little tidal change occurs. moon is at right angle with earth. occur during the first and third quarter moons
Tidal bulge: form because the moon’s gravitational pull on earth decreases with the distance from the moon. As a result, the ocean on Earth’s near side is pulled toward the the moon with the greatest force. The ocean on the Earth’s far side is subject to less force than the solid Earth is. these differences causes Earth’s tidal bulges.
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