1.10.2012 ISSUE 4: SOCIAL STUDIES MIDTERM
Made by Miyu-Chan, Em-Chan
Reconstruction
After the civil war- The south was in ruins because of total war
The reconstruction of the South begins... 3 plans were then made...
Three groups that were an important part of the reconstruction era
-13th amendment: gave the freedom to all African Americans in the country
-14th amendment:gave citizenship and equal protection under law to all African Americans
-15th amendment: gave all male African Americans the right to vote
-Freedmen’s Bureau: Gave help to former slaves (food, clothing, hospitals, jobs, school)
-Black Codes:Laws set up in the South to keep African Americans from enjoying their freedom
-lynching: an illegal execution
Voting restrictions
-Ku Klux Klan: (K.K.K.) a secret society formed by white southerners. They wore white robes and hoods to hide their identity. Used terrors/scare tactics to intimidate which kept African Americans from practicing their civil rights
-Segregation:separation of races
-Jim crow laws: Southern states passed laws that separated African Americans and whites in schools, restaurants, trains, playgrounds, theaters, etc.
-Plessy vs. Fergason(1896): The Supreme Court ruled that segregation is legal as long as African American and white facilities are equal. This ruling will last until 1954( Brown vs. The Board of Edu.)
-Brown vs. The Board of Edu.(1954): brown sued that separate isn’t equal and the Supreme Court ruled in favor of Brown
Effects of reconstruction
-Southerners faced hard times and poverty(-)
-the south to rebuild(+)
-African Americans gained their freedom, citizenship and voting rights(+)
-racist southerners like the KKK will keep African Americans from enjoying their civil rights
Westward Expansion
Gold Rush: Henry Comstock struck gold and silver an Nevada
Boomtown: A town that struck gold
Homestead Act: The government would give you 160 acres of land for free as long as you farmed and took care of the land for 5 years.
-The government wanted to connect the country( to move goods, supplies and people faster across the country)
-The government gave land to railroad companies
-10 acres of land for every mile of tracks in a state 20 acres of land for every mile of track in a territory
-Transcontinental Railroad: will connect the united states
-A subsidy is financial aid or a land grant
-The Plains Indians:Native Americans that lived in the Great Plains
- Buffalo was the most important animal for the Plains Indians since it was used for food, clothes,shelter, and weapons
-the Plains Indians used every part of the Buffalo
-the buffalo was killed off because of the Transcontinental Railroad
-The United States broke treaties with the Plains Indians and invaded their land
-Fighting with the United States: Many Plains Indians were killed and the rest were eventually placed on reservations
Industrialization
-Industrial Revolution: radical change in the way goods were produced
-Handmade good made at home to machine made goods in factories
-Factory: men and machines coming together to produce goods
-2nd Industrial Revolution: The build up of industry in America
-During industrialization(2nd Industrial Revolution) there were many new inventions and ideas like Henry Fords assembly line
-the assembly line leads to mass production(producing goods on a large scale)
-during industrialization there was child labor
-businesses exploited or took advantage of children
-Bessemer Process:In the mid 1850s Henry Bessemer invented the Bessember Process, a way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities
-Patents: Exclusive rights to make or sell inventions
-Sweatshops: work place for employees nickname because of long hours with dangerous machines
-the sweatshops often locked the windows and doors, causing it to become extremely hot
-Triangle Shirtwaist Factory: a sweatshop in Greenwich village,NY where there was a fire and locked doors trapped workers causing 146 deaths. It lead to reform
-Workers’ compensation Laws: Guranteed a portion of lost wages to workers injured on job
Coporations: Businesses that sell portions of ownership called stock shares
-John D. Rockefeller became wealthy in the oil industry
-Andrew Carnegie became wealthy in the steel industry
-J.P. Morgan became wealthy in banking
-Captain of Industry: an important business leader(did positive things)
-Robber Baron: a ruthless business man that steals(did negative things)
-Vertical Integration: Ownership of businesses involved in each step of a manufacturing process
-Horizontal Intergration:Owning all the businesses in a certain field.
-Trust: A legal arrangement grouping together a number of companies under a single board of directors
-Social Darwinism: A View of society based on scientist Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection
-there were horrible working conditions in factories during industrialization
-workers united and formed unions to get better pay and working conditions
Ex: Knights of labor/ American Federation of Labor
-Strike: workers refusing to work
-the new york news boys were the main distributors of the newspaper from the mid 1800s to early 1900s
-the Newsies union went on strike in 1899
-Monopoly: a company controls all or nearly all the business of the a particular industry
-free enterprising system: business owned by private citizens
-Sherman Antitrust Act:A law making it illegal to create monopolies or trust that restrain trade
-collective bargaining:a technique used by labor unions in which workers act collectively to change working conditions or wages
-haymarket riot: a riot that broke out at Haymarket Square in chicago over the deaths of 2 strikes
-pullman strike: a railroad strike that ended when President Grover sent in federal troops
-homestead strike:a labor-union strike at andrew carnegie’s homestead steel factory in Pennsylvania that erupted in violence between strikers and private detectives
-networks: Railroad companies formed a series of connected railines
Immigration:
-Old Immigrants: Late 1800s immigrants from northern Europe
-New Immigrants: Southern and Eastern Europe
-Push Factor:Conditions that push people to leave their home countries(negative)
-Pull Factor: Conitions that pull people to a new country(positive)
-Steerage: An area below deck near the rudder. most immigrants rode in steerage when they came to America
-Statue of liberty: a gift from France in 1886. The first thing immigrants saw when arriving in NY, engraved in the statue of liberty is the poem by Emma Lazarus
-Ellis Island: immigrants were checked for health problems before they could enter the U.S.
-Ethnic Neighborhoods: Neighborhoods made up of people that share a common culture
-many Americans became assimilated(becoming part of another culture)
Ex: Little Italy, Chinatown
-nativists: wanted to limit immigration and preserve the U.S. for native born white Americans
-Benevolent Societies: Aid Organizations offered immigrants and help in case of sickness, unemployment, or death
-Tenements: Poorly built overcrowding apartment buildings.
-Chinese Exclusion Act: Banning Chinese people from immigrating to the US for 10 years
-Mass Transit: Public Transportation designed to move many people
-Suburbs: Residential Neighborhoods outside of downtown areas.
-Mass Cultures: Leisure and Cultural Activities shared by many people.
-Department Stores: Giant Retail Shops or Department Stores
-The invention of the Linotype ( Automatic Typesetting machine) greatly reduced the time and cost of printing newspapers. It lead to a boom in production of daily newspaper.
-Settlement House: Neighborhood centers in poor areas that offered education, recreation, and social activies
Hull House: Founded by Jane Addams, the most famous settlement house of the period
Progressive Era:
-Political Machine: Powerful Organizations that used both legal and illegal methods to get their candidates elected to public offices
-Progressives: were working to improve society in the late 1800s.
-Muckrakers: Journalist who write to show the filth of society. It lead to the Meat Inspection Act.
-Seventeenth Amendment: Allowed Americans to vote directly for US senate
-bribes and corruptions became a way of life in the cities
-Powerful politicians known as bosses, came to rule many cities
-”boss” William Tweed cheated NY out of $100 million
-Thomas Nast: a political cartoonist that tried to expose Tweed’s wrong doings
-recall-remove
-ininitiative: allowed voters to propose a new law by collecting signatures on a petition
-referendum: permitted voters to approve or reject a law that had already been proposed or passed by a gov’t body
-Capitalism: An economic system in which private businesses run most industries and competition determines the price of goods.
-socialism: system in which the gov’t owns and operates a country’s means of production
Industrial Workers of the world: Is a socialist union.
-18th Amendment: banning the production, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages throughout the US
-National American Women Suffrage Association: Elizabeth Cady Staton and Susan B. Anthony founded it to promote the cause of women’s suffrage
-19th Amendment: granting the American Women the right to vote
National Association for the Advancement of Color People: and Organization that called for economic and educational equality for the African American
Pure Food and Drug Act: Law that prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transport of mislabeled or contaminated food and drugs
-Conservation: Protection of Nature and its resources
-Progressive Party: The party of Roosevelt nicknamed the Bull Moose Party
-Sixteenth Amendment: Allows the federal gov’t to impose taxes on citizens’ incomes
United States Expansion:
-Imperialism: Building an empire by founding colonies or conquering other nations
-Isolationism: Avoiding involvement in the affairs of other countries
-William H. Seward arranged the purchase of Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million. ($0.02 per acre). Some people called it Seward’s Folly or Seward’s Icebox. It became of value when Gold was discovered
-Hawaii was taken from Queen Liluokalani, the last queen of Hawaii. America wanted Hawaii for its sugar industry
-Spheres of Influence: Areas where foreign nations controlled resources.
-Open Door Policy: This policy stated that all nations should have equal access to trade with China. It was not rejected nor accepted by the other nations.
-Boxers Rebellion: Boxers were Chinese nationalists who were angered by foreign involvement in China
- Yellow Journalism: To attract readers, newspapers exaggerated new stories.
Teller’s Amendment: which stated that the US had no interest in taking control of Cuba.
Anti-Imperialist League: A group that opposed that treaty and the creation of an American colonial empire
Platt Amendment: Limited Cuba’s right to make treaties and allowed the US to intervene in Cuban Affairs
Panama Canal: It was finally opened to ships on August 15, 1914, linking the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
Roosevelt Corollary: Like the Monroe Doctorine, it added that in case of wrongdoings, by the Latin American Countries, the United States might excerise “international police power”
Dollar Diplomacy: Influencing gov’t through economic, not military, intervention
Mexican Revolution: Long Violent struggle for power in Mexico.
U.S.S. Maine exploded and blamed on Spain, due to Yellow Journalism
Buffalo Soldiers: African American cavalry regiment that served in combat during Spanish American War.
Rough Riders: The 1st US volunteer cavalry regiment( soldiers on horse back) led by Theodore Roosevelt.
They win the Battle of San Juan Hill in Cuba, the Major land battle
Countries got from Spanish American War. Guantanamo Bay (Cuba), Puerto Rico, Philippines, Wake Island, Midway Island, Guam, Samoa.
Spain surrendered Phillipines for $20 Million Dollars
1946-> US granted Full Independence to the Phillipenes.
Columbia had Control of Panama in the early 1900s
The US wanted to build Panama Canal to connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans> Ask Columbia
Columbia turned it down and US supported Panama Revolt.
Panama gains independence and allowed US to build Canal
Made by Miyu-Chan, Em-Chan
Reconstruction
After the civil war- The south was in ruins because of total war
The reconstruction of the South begins... 3 plans were then made...
- Lincoln’s 10% Plan: Pardon to any confederate who swore allegiance to the union and accepted an end to slavery.
- Radical Republicans: Punish the South. Divide the south into 5 military districts controlled by the army. New government had to grant African Americans the right to vote. Readmitted states had to ratify the 14th amendment.
- President Johnson’s Plan: Southerners had to take oath, cancel Freedmen’s bureau, and approve the 15th amendment which abolished slavery.
Three groups that were an important part of the reconstruction era
- Sharecroppers: Worked the land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops .
- Scalawags: nickname for white southerners who supported the Republican Party(seen as traitors to the south)
- Carpetbaggers: Nickname for Northerners who went down south after the civil war to set up businesses(seen as trying to make a profit from the south’s misery)
-13th amendment: gave the freedom to all African Americans in the country
-14th amendment:gave citizenship and equal protection under law to all African Americans
-15th amendment: gave all male African Americans the right to vote
-Freedmen’s Bureau: Gave help to former slaves (food, clothing, hospitals, jobs, school)
-Black Codes:Laws set up in the South to keep African Americans from enjoying their freedom
-lynching: an illegal execution
Voting restrictions
- Poll taxes: required people to pay money in order to vote(most freedmen were poor)
- Literacy test:required people to read and explain a section of the constitution in order to vote(most freedmen were uneducated)
- Grandfather Clause: if the voters grandfather was able to vote in 1867 they didn’t have to take the literacy test
-Ku Klux Klan: (K.K.K.) a secret society formed by white southerners. They wore white robes and hoods to hide their identity. Used terrors/scare tactics to intimidate which kept African Americans from practicing their civil rights
-Segregation:separation of races
-Jim crow laws: Southern states passed laws that separated African Americans and whites in schools, restaurants, trains, playgrounds, theaters, etc.
-Plessy vs. Fergason(1896): The Supreme Court ruled that segregation is legal as long as African American and white facilities are equal. This ruling will last until 1954( Brown vs. The Board of Edu.)
-Brown vs. The Board of Edu.(1954): brown sued that separate isn’t equal and the Supreme Court ruled in favor of Brown
Effects of reconstruction
-Southerners faced hard times and poverty(-)
-the south to rebuild(+)
-African Americans gained their freedom, citizenship and voting rights(+)
-racist southerners like the KKK will keep African Americans from enjoying their civil rights
Westward Expansion
Gold Rush: Henry Comstock struck gold and silver an Nevada
Boomtown: A town that struck gold
Homestead Act: The government would give you 160 acres of land for free as long as you farmed and took care of the land for 5 years.
-The government wanted to connect the country( to move goods, supplies and people faster across the country)
-The government gave land to railroad companies
-10 acres of land for every mile of tracks in a state 20 acres of land for every mile of track in a territory
-Transcontinental Railroad: will connect the united states
-A subsidy is financial aid or a land grant
-The Plains Indians:Native Americans that lived in the Great Plains
- Buffalo was the most important animal for the Plains Indians since it was used for food, clothes,shelter, and weapons
-the Plains Indians used every part of the Buffalo
-the buffalo was killed off because of the Transcontinental Railroad
-The United States broke treaties with the Plains Indians and invaded their land
-Fighting with the United States: Many Plains Indians were killed and the rest were eventually placed on reservations
Industrialization
-Industrial Revolution: radical change in the way goods were produced
-Handmade good made at home to machine made goods in factories
-Factory: men and machines coming together to produce goods
-2nd Industrial Revolution: The build up of industry in America
-During industrialization(2nd Industrial Revolution) there were many new inventions and ideas like Henry Fords assembly line
-the assembly line leads to mass production(producing goods on a large scale)
-during industrialization there was child labor
-businesses exploited or took advantage of children
-Bessemer Process:In the mid 1850s Henry Bessemer invented the Bessember Process, a way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities
-Patents: Exclusive rights to make or sell inventions
-Sweatshops: work place for employees nickname because of long hours with dangerous machines
-the sweatshops often locked the windows and doors, causing it to become extremely hot
-Triangle Shirtwaist Factory: a sweatshop in Greenwich village,NY where there was a fire and locked doors trapped workers causing 146 deaths. It lead to reform
-Workers’ compensation Laws: Guranteed a portion of lost wages to workers injured on job
Coporations: Businesses that sell portions of ownership called stock shares
-John D. Rockefeller became wealthy in the oil industry
-Andrew Carnegie became wealthy in the steel industry
-J.P. Morgan became wealthy in banking
-Captain of Industry: an important business leader(did positive things)
-Robber Baron: a ruthless business man that steals(did negative things)
-Vertical Integration: Ownership of businesses involved in each step of a manufacturing process
-Horizontal Intergration:Owning all the businesses in a certain field.
-Trust: A legal arrangement grouping together a number of companies under a single board of directors
-Social Darwinism: A View of society based on scientist Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection
-there were horrible working conditions in factories during industrialization
-workers united and formed unions to get better pay and working conditions
Ex: Knights of labor/ American Federation of Labor
-Strike: workers refusing to work
-the new york news boys were the main distributors of the newspaper from the mid 1800s to early 1900s
-the Newsies union went on strike in 1899
-Monopoly: a company controls all or nearly all the business of the a particular industry
-free enterprising system: business owned by private citizens
-Sherman Antitrust Act:A law making it illegal to create monopolies or trust that restrain trade
-collective bargaining:a technique used by labor unions in which workers act collectively to change working conditions or wages
-haymarket riot: a riot that broke out at Haymarket Square in chicago over the deaths of 2 strikes
-pullman strike: a railroad strike that ended when President Grover sent in federal troops
-homestead strike:a labor-union strike at andrew carnegie’s homestead steel factory in Pennsylvania that erupted in violence between strikers and private detectives
-networks: Railroad companies formed a series of connected railines
Immigration:
-Old Immigrants: Late 1800s immigrants from northern Europe
-New Immigrants: Southern and Eastern Europe
-Push Factor:Conditions that push people to leave their home countries(negative)
-Pull Factor: Conitions that pull people to a new country(positive)
-Steerage: An area below deck near the rudder. most immigrants rode in steerage when they came to America
-Statue of liberty: a gift from France in 1886. The first thing immigrants saw when arriving in NY, engraved in the statue of liberty is the poem by Emma Lazarus
-Ellis Island: immigrants were checked for health problems before they could enter the U.S.
-Ethnic Neighborhoods: Neighborhoods made up of people that share a common culture
-many Americans became assimilated(becoming part of another culture)
Ex: Little Italy, Chinatown
-nativists: wanted to limit immigration and preserve the U.S. for native born white Americans
-Benevolent Societies: Aid Organizations offered immigrants and help in case of sickness, unemployment, or death
-Tenements: Poorly built overcrowding apartment buildings.
-Chinese Exclusion Act: Banning Chinese people from immigrating to the US for 10 years
-Mass Transit: Public Transportation designed to move many people
-Suburbs: Residential Neighborhoods outside of downtown areas.
-Mass Cultures: Leisure and Cultural Activities shared by many people.
-Department Stores: Giant Retail Shops or Department Stores
-The invention of the Linotype ( Automatic Typesetting machine) greatly reduced the time and cost of printing newspapers. It lead to a boom in production of daily newspaper.
-Settlement House: Neighborhood centers in poor areas that offered education, recreation, and social activies
Hull House: Founded by Jane Addams, the most famous settlement house of the period
Progressive Era:
-Political Machine: Powerful Organizations that used both legal and illegal methods to get their candidates elected to public offices
-Progressives: were working to improve society in the late 1800s.
-Muckrakers: Journalist who write to show the filth of society. It lead to the Meat Inspection Act.
-Seventeenth Amendment: Allowed Americans to vote directly for US senate
-bribes and corruptions became a way of life in the cities
-Powerful politicians known as bosses, came to rule many cities
-”boss” William Tweed cheated NY out of $100 million
-Thomas Nast: a political cartoonist that tried to expose Tweed’s wrong doings
-recall-remove
-ininitiative: allowed voters to propose a new law by collecting signatures on a petition
-referendum: permitted voters to approve or reject a law that had already been proposed or passed by a gov’t body
-Capitalism: An economic system in which private businesses run most industries and competition determines the price of goods.
-socialism: system in which the gov’t owns and operates a country’s means of production
Industrial Workers of the world: Is a socialist union.
-18th Amendment: banning the production, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages throughout the US
-National American Women Suffrage Association: Elizabeth Cady Staton and Susan B. Anthony founded it to promote the cause of women’s suffrage
-19th Amendment: granting the American Women the right to vote
National Association for the Advancement of Color People: and Organization that called for economic and educational equality for the African American
Pure Food and Drug Act: Law that prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transport of mislabeled or contaminated food and drugs
-Conservation: Protection of Nature and its resources
-Progressive Party: The party of Roosevelt nicknamed the Bull Moose Party
-Sixteenth Amendment: Allows the federal gov’t to impose taxes on citizens’ incomes
United States Expansion:
-Imperialism: Building an empire by founding colonies or conquering other nations
-Isolationism: Avoiding involvement in the affairs of other countries
-William H. Seward arranged the purchase of Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million. ($0.02 per acre). Some people called it Seward’s Folly or Seward’s Icebox. It became of value when Gold was discovered
-Hawaii was taken from Queen Liluokalani, the last queen of Hawaii. America wanted Hawaii for its sugar industry
-Spheres of Influence: Areas where foreign nations controlled resources.
-Open Door Policy: This policy stated that all nations should have equal access to trade with China. It was not rejected nor accepted by the other nations.
-Boxers Rebellion: Boxers were Chinese nationalists who were angered by foreign involvement in China
- Yellow Journalism: To attract readers, newspapers exaggerated new stories.
Teller’s Amendment: which stated that the US had no interest in taking control of Cuba.
Anti-Imperialist League: A group that opposed that treaty and the creation of an American colonial empire
Platt Amendment: Limited Cuba’s right to make treaties and allowed the US to intervene in Cuban Affairs
Panama Canal: It was finally opened to ships on August 15, 1914, linking the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
Roosevelt Corollary: Like the Monroe Doctorine, it added that in case of wrongdoings, by the Latin American Countries, the United States might excerise “international police power”
Dollar Diplomacy: Influencing gov’t through economic, not military, intervention
Mexican Revolution: Long Violent struggle for power in Mexico.
U.S.S. Maine exploded and blamed on Spain, due to Yellow Journalism
Buffalo Soldiers: African American cavalry regiment that served in combat during Spanish American War.
Rough Riders: The 1st US volunteer cavalry regiment( soldiers on horse back) led by Theodore Roosevelt.
They win the Battle of San Juan Hill in Cuba, the Major land battle
Countries got from Spanish American War. Guantanamo Bay (Cuba), Puerto Rico, Philippines, Wake Island, Midway Island, Guam, Samoa.
Spain surrendered Phillipines for $20 Million Dollars
1946-> US granted Full Independence to the Phillipenes.
Columbia had Control of Panama in the early 1900s
The US wanted to build Panama Canal to connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans> Ask Columbia
Columbia turned it down and US supported Panama Revolt.
Panama gains independence and allowed US to build Canal
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