Issue 24: Chemistry

Well. I admit I know many of my other classmates take Biology but I was placed in a chemistry class so this would help you ppl eventually~
Actually I don't mind if people give me theirs. All they should do is email me at yao6488@gmail.com
And tell me who should I put as the person who made it. It could be a fake name but Idc. It's not mine and I want to give credit. Also I'm sorry people. I don't take French anymore... I take Japanese now~ :# much to my own selfishness.
Well... Here I go...
 From the Chemistry Reference Tables Workbook by Topical Review Book Company:
1 mole (mol) is 6 x 10^23 atoms, molecules, or ions.
Polyatomic Ions: charged particles composed of two or more atoms. These are quite stable.
The halides are negative ions formed from Group 17 elements >> halogens
Soluble ionic substances (SALT) dissolved in water will conduce electricity >>>> eletrolytes
The notation:
(s) >>>>>> Solid
(aq)>>>>> Liquid
A solution is homogeneous since the solute is distributed uniformly throughout.
Homogenous means of same/similiar nature.
The dissolved solution can't be separated by filtration
The presence of solute raises the boiling point of the solvent and lowers the freezing point of the solvent.
Pressure has an effect on solubility of a solid in water. Increase pressure, the more soluble, less pressure less soluble.
The outermost energy level is the valence level as how many electrons in the valence level is the valence electron.
Any energy level higher than the ground state is referring to the excited stated.
When an excited atom returns to the ground state, energy is release in teh form of quanta, forming a bright line spectrum
To determine the # of neutrons in teh nucleus of an atom, subtract the atomic number from the mass number.
Electronegativity of an atom is the measure of the relative ability of that atom to attract bonding electrons to itself.
Atomic Radius is an estimate of the size of an atom or the distance from the center of the nucleus to the edge of the atom.

From the Barron's Let's Review Chemistry The physical setting and etc.

Neutrons add mass to an atom but do not change the atom's charge.
Isotopes:
A molecule is the smallest identifiable sample of a substance
The noble gases are isolated atoms and are monatomic molecules
Every molecule can be represented by a molecular formula which symbols of the element is succeeded by a subscript that indicates the number of atoms present.
The loss or gain or electrons by an atom results in the formation of an electrically charged particle called a ion.
Chemical formula is an important part of the language of chemistry because it tells us something about the composition of an element or a compound.
Binary Compound: exactly two elements. Ions in ionic compounds do not exist as individual molecules.
An ionic formula is the chemical formula for an ionic compound.
Molecular Formula: the number and type of atoms that are present in a single molecule of a substance.
Empirical Formula: the ratio of elements present in the compound.
Structural Formula: show how the atoms in a molecule are bonded to one another. This is usually to represent chemical bonds by lines and unshared pairs of electrons by a pair of dots.
Real Charges:
Apparent Charges:
Oxidation state: The oxidation number of every atom in a free element is 0. Free element meaning that an element is not combined with another element.
An atom becomes more stable when it acquires the electron configuration of a noble gas.If the valence level of a stabilized atom is the first principal energy level, it would contain TWO electrons, otherwise it will contain EIGHT electrons.
In MOST case, we say that the bonding atoms have obeyed the OCTET RULE.
Octet Rule: The octet rule is a bonding theory used to predict the molecular structure of covalently bonded molecules. Each atom will share, gain, or lose electrons in order to fill outer electron shells with eight electrons. For many elements, this rule works is quick and simple to predict the molecular structure of a molecule.
Read this for the exceptions: http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemicalbonding/tp/Exceptions-To-The-Octet-Rule.htm
Certain pairs of atoms do not have a strong tendency to transfer electrons between them. These atoms share electrons between them. Electron sharing always occurs in pair and the two atoms may normal share 1,2, or 3 pairs of electrons. The atoms bond together because the shared pair or pairs belong to both atoms. This is COVALENT BONDING.
However, the sharing of the electron pair is not always the same in both molecules. If the pairs of electrons are shared equally by both atoms. That is nonpolar covalent bonding. You can look at the structural formula. If it is symmetrical, it is nonpolar covalent.
If it isn't symmetrical it is polar covalent bonding. This is because the electrons are not shared equally.
The Lewis Dot structure is used to see which atoms are present AND how they are joined

That's all for now.

>:A

Please do not write that u r someone ur not.
>:c
I mean like don't write that you are an idol unless you really are an idol. Use a proper user name please. That will annoy me if you do write that.

Question!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1

Are we suppose to post test review stuff on this site? Or anime/manga stuff? Or anything?

Issue 23:Unit Conversion

The first one I'm doing this school year ^.^
This one is a simple one, it's easy to understand but also easy to make mistakes.
Okay....

Convert: 1000ft-->meters
Note: 12in=1 ft, 1in=2.54cm and 100cm=1 meters
We are going to use unit multipliers, since it's the easiest way to solve this unit conversion problems.

1000ft  x   12 in  x  2.54cm  x    1m      = You calculate the answer
    1            1ft           1in        100cm
     ^            ^                                ^
Why 1?,      We put what we         Never change the meaning of the question
It's because     try to cancel out      1m is 100 cm, it can never be 1cm = 100m
We don't want  the units.                 That would be incorrect! But do try to cancel out the equation
to change          In this case, it's
the meaning        feet
of the numerator

The correct answer is 304.8 meters


Cubic and Squaring >>> This is more complicated to remember. Well it's okay....

Convert 10m^3 to yd^3
Note that 1m=100cm, 2.54cm=1 in, 36 in= 1 yd. And that ^3 is the exponent (to the power of three)

  10m^3   x   (100^3)cm^3   x         1in^3        x        1yd^3     = Calculate the answer
       1                  1m^3             (2.54)^3cm^3      (36)^3 in^3

Since we are doing cubics, you have to cube the multiplier numbers.( For all the multipliers!! The original should be cubed already, we do not need to do that again, otherwise it's incorrect!!!)

The answer should be around 13.08yd^3

Okay, this last question is a little difficult since it needs to convert the time and distance
(I took this question from somewhere and reword it)

A man ran 100 yards in 9 seconds. Would he be speeding if he was running in the neighborhood with a speed limit of 35 mi/hour??
100yds =around 11.11 yd/s
    9s     

35 mi  x    1hr   x   1min  x  1760yd  =  154 yd  = around 17.11 yd/s
 1 hr       60min       60s         1mi            9s

I did the time first here            then distance here
The answer was to match the yd/s
Therefore he wouldn't be speeding

Issue 22: Geometry...

Sorry a little numbering problems
Ok... a little more Geometry
By Miyu.
A = C
B     D

Extremes: A and D
Means: C and B
Cross Products: The product of the means and the product of the extremes. In other words, if A/B=C/D
then ad=bc
Similar: Two Figures that have the same shape, but not necessarily the same size, are similiar.
Similarity Statement: A statement indicating that two polygons are similar by listing their vertices in order of correspondence. (In the same order)
Theorems:
1.Through a line and a point not on the line, there exist exactly one perpendicular line to the given line.
2.The perpendicular segment from a point to a line is the shortest segment from the point to the line.
3.The perpendicular segment from a point to a plane is the shortest segment from the point to the plane.
4.If two lines are parallel, then all points on one line are equidistant from the other line.
5.If a diameter is perpendicular to a chord, then it bisects the chord and its arcs
6.If a diameter bisects a chord other than another diameter then it is perpendicular to the chord.
7.The perpendicular bisector of a chord contains the center of the circle.
8.In a circle or congruent circles:
Chords equidistant from the center are congruent.
Congruent chords are equidistant from the center of the circle.
9.If two polygons are similar, then the ration of their perimeters is equal to the ratio of their corresponding sides.
Postulate:(AA)(ANGLE ANGLE):If two angles of one triangle are congruent to two angles of another triangle, then the triangle are similar
Theorem: SSS Similarity Theorem: If the length of the sides of a triangle are proportional to the lengths of the sides of another triangles are similar
SAS Similarity Theorem: If two sides of one triangle are proportional to two sides of another triangle and the included angles are congruent, then the triangles are similar
Inscribed Angles: An angle whose vertex is on a circle and whose sides contain chords of the circle.
The arc formed by an inscribed angle is the intercepted arc of that angle.
The measure of an inscribed angle is equal to half the measure of its intercepted arc.
If an inscribed angle intercepts a semicircle, then it is a right angle.
If two inscribed angles intercept the same arc, then they are congruent.
If a quadrilateral is inscribed in a circle, then it has supplementary opposite angles.
(49)

Hi

Hi....This is a test!

Issue 21: Geometry

By Miyu:
WELL... It is the hot humid summer but we still have to keep studying to keep up the good work. More Geometry （ｏ。ｏ；）☆⌒(*＾-°)v
So... ISSUE 21: Geometry. 
Arc Length: Distance along an arc measured in linear units
 <<< Here's a picture I found on google that could help you. (This isn't a photo made by me, just a good photo to use)

Sector of a circle: The region inside a circle bounded by two radii of the circle and their intercepted
arc.
 <<<More good pictures and information.
Incenter of the triangle: When all 3 angels of a triangle are bisected, the point of concurrency.
If a line bisects an angle of a triangle,  then it divides the opposite side proportionally to the other 2 sides of the triangle.
If perpendicular bisectors are drawn for every side of a triangle, the point of concurrency is the circumcenter of the triangle.
The circumcenter lies at the center of the circle that contains the three vertices of the triangle. Any circle that contains all the vertices of a polygon is called a circumscribed circle. Any Polygon with each vertex on a circle is an inscribed polygon
Theorem 39-1: If one side of a triangle is longer than the other side, then the angle opposite the first side is larger than the angle opposite the first side is larger than the angle opposite the second side.

Theorem 39-2: If one angle of a triangle is larger than another angle, then the side opposite the first angle is longer than the side opposite the second angle.

Theorem 39-3: Exterior Angle Inequality Theorem: The measure of an exterior angle is greater than the measure of either remote interior angle.

Theorem 39-4: The sum of the length of any two sides of a triangle must be greater than the length of the third side.

Postulate 19: If two polygons are congruent, then they have the same area.
Postulate 20: The area of a region is equal to the sum of the areas of its nonoverlapping parts.
Theorem 40-1: Hinge Theorem- If two sides of one triangle are congruent to two sides of another triangle and the included angle of the first triangle is greater than the included angle of the second triangle, then the third side of the first triangle is longer than the third side of the second triangle.
Theorem 40-2: Converse of the Hinge Theorem: If two sides of one triangle are congruent to two sides of another triangle and  the third side of the first triangle is longer than the third side of the second triangle.

**EDIT**
Measure of central angle = Measure of arc. 
(A friend assured me... LOL)

Issue 20: Ume Teaches:Earth Science Countdown

Issue 19: Ume Teaches: Water Budget and Water Tables

Ume teaches:

Water Table:

Precipitation of meltwater (melted glaciers) sink into the ground and become ground water.

* Not all water sink down.

Soil Moisture Zone: Plants use to hydrate (There's a lot of moisture in it)

Zone of Aeration-> filled with air. I would say that the soil moisture zone absorbs most of the water and and what's left, sinks down even more into the Zone of Saturation, which is right underneath the zone of aeration.

This is basically ground water stored. Right underneath is impermeable rock (it won't store water nor will it let go)

The water table is basically the height of where the water is being stored.

The capillary fringe is the by the water table.

Roots store water and have pore spaces

To make this easier, a real-life scenario:

I remember when I was younger, maybe 8 or 9 years old, my friends and I, were digging a huge hole, about 3 meters from the ocean. The soil on the top was all wet, for about 8 inches or so. The middle level was all dry so we had to dump water into the hole to  to prevent it from caving in. We dig about 3 feet in and we started finding the water getting stored, so we had to remove it with our buckets. We had reached the zone of saturation. In the end, the hole was 5 feet deep and 5 people could fit in it. Though we never reached the bedrock; it was fun.

A water budget describes how much water comes in and how much is losted.

Income methods: precipitation (rain/snow/sleet/ hail)

Spending method: (Evapotranspiration, run off, use by humans)

Water budget sees if the water table made an increase or decrease from usual.

If water table is higher than the land, it creates a lake:

-Ume

Issue 18: Science Review

5.15.12 ISSUE 18: SCIENCE REVIEW
Okay.~THIS IS FULL OF STUFF GIVEN TO ME.
By Miyu and EmPlate tectonics
When waves pass through solids, they move faster. When they pass through liquids, they slow down. Waves also change direction when they pass through liquids and solids.
P-Wave: Primary Waves, the pass through liquids and solids.
S-Wave: Secondary wave, the pass through solids only.
Hot Spots: Magma Chambers that stays in the same place when plates moves over hotspots.
Astronomy:
Types of Galaxy:
Galaxy: Hundreds of millions of stars bounded together by gravity.
Spiral Galaxy: (Ex: Milky Way Galaxy)
Property:
1. Has billions of stars
2. Are going through lifecycles (Stars born and die)
3. Turns into a Nova or a Super Nova.
4. Nebula-gigantic gas clouds from exploding stars
5. Heavy Elements. Exploding stars make heavy elements like uranium and other irons and metals

4 major elements.
Carbon
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Nitrogen

Elements are made by nuclear fusion. Particles come together.
H + H + H + H =He
Stars make elements Elements made by stars were in the Periodic Table Elements 1-92, I is hydrogen, 92 is uranium.
93- 121 is human made elements.
Clusters of Galaxys
Bound together by dark matters
group of 5-10 galaxies
The closest galaxy to us is the Andrometer Galaxy, also a spiral galaxy.
A celestial object is any object outside the earth’s atmosphere. They all move in the same direction and speed. All celestial objects appear to move through the sky east to west. The paths of these apparent motions are circular and occurs at a constant rate of 15 degrees per hour. That is call daily motion.
Aphelion: Point farthest from the sun.
Perihelion: Point closest to the sun.
All planets have elliptical orbits.
Distance from earth to moon is 240,000 miles.
Kepler’s 1st law:The force of gravitation between the sun and a planet is always pulling the planet towards the sun. The planet does not fall into the sun because of the centrifugal effect of its orbital motion. The two forces balance each other. However, when earth moves closer to the sun, its speeds increases due to the increased force of gravity.
When the earth moves away from the sun, its speed decreases due to the decreased force of gravity.
Kepler’s 2nd law: A planet will cross elliptical arcs A, B, C in equal time. (Area A= Area B= Area C) Stated another way, an imaginary line connecting the sun and the planet always sweep through equal areas during equal intervals of time. Since equal areas must be covered in equal areas during equal intervals of time. Since speed must be the fastest at perihelion and slowest at aphelion.
Rocks and Minerals:
Most rocks consist of more than one mineral, they are called polymineralic (granite)
Some rocks consist of only one mineral. They are called monominerallic.
There are over 2000 different types of mineral in the earth..
Organic minerals contain carbon.

Astronomy: We can see the moon only because the moon reflects light from the sun
Weather:
wave cyclone-air pressure- Low pressure system
All weather occur in the troposphere.
Streams deposit sediments by transporting to oceans
Sediments accumulate on the ocean floor.
After many millions of years, the sediments compacts/ lithify and cement, forming layers of bedrock. Disconformity occurs when uplifted bedrock and layering happens w/o folding/ Tilting of bedrock
Syncline: Upward FOld
Anticline: Downward Fold.
Submergence: Covering of Land due to rising sea level.

High Pressure	Low Pressure
1. Low moisture in Air 2. dry air 3 clear and sunny 4.low humidity 5. low temperature 6. high atmpspheric pressure 7. Wind move away from the center in clockwise directions downwards 8. cold front 9. cold air mass sinks 10. above 1013.2 mb, air pressure increase	1. high moisture in the air 2. moist air 3. cloudly rand rainy 4. high humidity 5. high temperature 6. low atmospheric pressure 7. wind moves towards the center in counter clockwise direction upwards. hurricanes, high winds, tornadoes, dark clouds, thunder storms 8. a warm front 9. warm air pass rises 10. below 1013.2mb, air pressure decreases.

Fronts is an air mass that has the same properties and conditions throughout the air mass. where 2 fronts collide, there is a thunderstorm.

Breezes: Gentle winds that extend over distance of less than 100km
Sea Breeze: A cool wind moving from above the water to land
Land Breeze: Flows from the cool land towards the warmer water
Valley Breeze: warm air from the valleys move upslope.
Mountain Breeze: cool air descends from the mountain peaks

Hey!~

Hey~! Ume here.
To all the Girl Scouts who uses or sees this website.
Well. This is my Silver Award which started from September of 2011 to May of 2012. I worked on it with my friend, whose's also known as Momo or Em on this site and my other friend Kathy sometimes. So my team pretty much consist of 3 people with much of my small class of top honor students in a junior high school. Well why would I make this site? Well for pretty much 2 major reasons.
 1. I need a silver award project
 2. I need to study for my test. (I fail if I don't study for science, and later math, and French. Social Studies is ok but I need to know a lot for midterms so I study.)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ODy7Zjuc3uA

This is pretty stupid reason right? But I need a project and I need to study so why not just combine it, I wondered. So boom! I made review sheets for my class already, why not just make it more widespread by putting it online? (And I was obsess with anime, and Nyan Cat was a popular figure of both America and the Kingdom of Anime, Japan so.... Nyan Cat was made by a American, and the vocals was made by Vocaloid's Queen of Pop, Hatsune Miku, a synthesizer with the voice bank as Saki Fujita-san, so I just used the popular figure without permission. Gomen creator. I ADORE NYAN CAT!~) Oh and I didn't like webs.com so I used blogger and i don't know what was tumbler at that time so... Blogger helped me make this! ncexpressreview.blogspot.com. Every time I made a issue of Test! I posted it in this blog for the people who would use it and advertise it on facebook. Many people read it and Em is the co-creator of ncexpressreview.blogspot.com
Holy! Apparently the last time I checked, there was 475 pageviews on this blog. The most arousing in March and the least...in January when I made the blog on the 20 something. LOL.
I requested help from Em and we did many MANY Projects together, school projects and blog projects, despite she's not a scout like me. So Thank You!~

Thank You. Em, I think u like lovely complex the best and Kathy, Homestuck as always

Ok. There's not much to say and only much to read about this project. So I should close.

Many thanks for you for reading this post. I really appreciate it.

Look what I found on the internet. Isn't it cool?

Please give your feedback to the site

Well the title says it all... Please give your feedback to the site... And also become a memeber... Arigatou, Merci, Thank You, Xie Xie

Issue 16: Kitty Talk Country Names

I'm really Sorry if this is corny

Issue 15!!! finally

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1SBQDnLHsHqpVsrZwQg8Wipy46uXp04zhnBiR36CIG_o/edit
4.30.12 ISSUE 15: SCIENCE REVIEW
Note: Hey!!! This is Miyu, everyone !!! Well this is some sci review sheets I found.(Yes, pretty awkward, what do you expect from me, Em?) Made By Miyu
A celestial object is any object outside the earth’s atmosphere. They all move in the same direction and speed. All celestial objects appear to move through the sky east to west. The paths of these apparent motions are circular and occurs at a constant rate of 15 degrees per hour. That is call daily motion.
Aphelion: Point farthest from the sun.
Perihelion: Point closest to the sun.
All planets have elliptical orbits.
Distance from earth to moon is 240,000 miles.
Kepler’s 1st law:The force of gravitation between the sun and a planet is always pulling the planet towards the sun. The planet does not fall into the sun because of the centrifugal effect of its orbital motion. The two forces balance each other. However, when earth moves closer to the sun, its speeds increases due to the increased force of gravity.
When the earth moves away from the sun, its speed decreases due to the decreased force of gravity.
Kepler’s 2nd law: A planet will cross elliptical arcs A, B, C in equal time. (Area A= Area B= Area C) Stated another way, an imaginary line connecting the sun and the planet always sweep through equal areas during equal intervals of time. Since equal areas must be covered in equal areas during equal intervals of time. Since speed must be the fastest at perihelion and slowest at aphelion.
some notes i found: XD
wave cyclone-air pressure- Low pressure system
All weather occur in the troposphere.
Streams deposit sediments by transporting to oceans
Sediments accumulate on the ocean floor.
After many millions of yeaers, the sediments compacts/ lithify and cement, forming layers of bedrock. Disconformity occurs when uplifted bedrock and layering happens w/o folding/ Tilting of bedrock
Syncline: Upward FOld
Anticline: Downward Fold.
Submergence: Covering of Land due to rising sea level.

High Pressure	Low Pressure
1. Low moisture in Air 2. dry air 3 clear and sunny 4.low humidity 5. low temperature 6. high atmpspheric pressure 7. Wind move away from the center in clockwise directions downwards 8. cold front 9. cold air mass sinks 10. above 1013.2 mb, air pressure increase	1. high moisture in the air 2. moist air 3. cloudly rand rainy 4. high humidity 5. high temperature 6. low atmospheric pressure 7. wind moves towards the center in counter clockwise direction upwards. hurricanes, high winds, tornadoes, dark clouds, thunder storms 8. a warm front 9. warm air pass rises 10. below 1013.2mb, air pressure decreases.

Fronts is an air mass that has the same properties and conditions throughout the air mass. where 2 fronts collide, there is a thunderstorm.

evidence for earth’s rotation
1. photographs in spaces
2. phases of the moon, no atmosphere, craters, only see 1 side of moon
3.focault pendulum
4. coriolis effect
doppler shift:
Long waves: red color, less energy, infrared rays, low temperature, red shift, low frequency, all objects move away from earth
Short waves Blue color, more energy, ultraviolet, warmer temperature, blue shift, high frequency.all objects move towards earth.
Metamorphic rock formation
Intrusion: Heat and pressure rearrange the molecules and the rock it contacts causing the rock to change into another rock
Slate > Foliated
denser than orginal
sandstone turns into quartizites. More dense and harder
shale turns into slate, which turns into micaschist, which turns into gniess.
limestone and dolostone into marble.
coal turns into diamond.
bituminous coal > wet
anthracite coal > dry

most mountains are made of granite>Low density
basalt> high density, at the bottom of the ocean.
colloids , clay, silt, all suspend in water.

cacti head

Lol... with Em liz...

a picture of the member Stalker 98... LOL it looked like a cacti in the end so we made him green

lol.. wait like 10 minutes for a new science issue to come out...

LOL Nyan cat emoticons

╭━━━━╮
____━━____┗┓|::::::^━━^
____━━____━┗|:::::|｡◕‿‿­­­­◕｡|
____━━____━━╰O--O-O--O ╯
NYAN CAT EMOTICONS LOL~!

Math Vocab Issue 13

• Math  3/21
• Vocabulary
• CHAPTER 1:
• A collinear set of points is a set of points all of which lie on the same straight line
• A noncollinear set of points is a set of three or more points that do not all lie on the same straight line
• The distance between two points on the real number line is the absolute value of the difference of the coordinates of the two points
• B is between A and C if and only if A, B, and C are distinct collinear points and AB + BC = AC
• A line segment, or a segment, is a set of points consisting of two points on a line, called endpoints, and all of the points on the line between the endpoints
• The length or measure of a line segment is the distance between its endpoints
• Congruent segments are segments that have the same measure
• The midpoint of a line segment is a point of that line segment that divides the segment into two congruent segments
• The bisector of a line segment is any line, or subset of a line, that intersects the segment at its midpoint
• A line segment, RS, is the sum of two line segments, RP and PS, if P is between R and S
• Two points, A and B, are on one side of a point P if A, B, and P are collinear and P is not between A and B
• A half-line is a set of points on one side of a point
• A ray is a part of a line that consists of a point on the line, called an endpoint, and all the points on one side of the endpoint
• Opposite rays are two rays of the same line with a common endpoint an no other point in common
• An angle is a set of points that is the union of two rays having the same endpoint
• A straight angle is an angle that is the union of opposite rays and whose degree measure is 180
• An acute angle is an angle whose degree measure is greater than 0 and less than 90
• A right angle is an angle whose degree measure is 90
• An obtuse angle is an angle whose degree measure is grater than 90 and less than 180
• Congruent angles are angles that have the same measure
• A bisector of an angle is a ray whose endpoint is the vertex of the angle, and that divides that angle into two congruent angles
• Perpendicular lines are two lines that intersect to form right angles
• The distance from a point to a line is the length os the perpendicular from the point to the line
• If point P is a point on the interior of Angle RST and Angle RST is not a straight angle, or if P is any point not on straight angle RST, then Angle RST is the sum of two angles, Angle RSP and Angle PST
• A polygon is a closed figure in a plane that is the union of line segments such that the segments intersect only at their endpoints and no segments sharing a common endpoint are collinear
• A triangle is a polygon that has exactly three sides
• A scalene triangle is a triangle with no congruent sides
• An isosceles triangle is a triangle that has two congruent sides
• An equilateral triangle is a triangle that has three congruent sides
• An acute triangle is a triangle that has three acute angles
• A right triangle is a triangle that has a right angle
• An obtuse triangle is a triangle that has an obtuse angle
• An equiangular triangle is a triangle that has three congruent angles
• CHAPTER 2:
• Logic is the study of reasoning
• In logic, a mathematical sentence is a sentence that contains a complete thought and can be judged to be true or false
• A phrase is an expression that is only part of a sentence
• An open sentence is any sentence that contains a variable
• The domain or replacement set is the set of numbers that can replace a variable
• The solution set or truth set is the set of all replacements that will change an open sentence to true sentences
• A statement or a closed sentence is a sentence that can be judged to be true or false
• A closed sentence is said to have a truth value, either true (T) or false (F)
• The negation of a statement has the opposite truth value of a given statement
• In logic, a compound sentence is a combination of two or more mathematical sentences formed by using the connectives not, and, or, if...then, or if and only if
• A conjunction is a compound statement formed by combining two simple statements, called conjuncts, with the word and. The conjunction P and Q is written symbolically as P ^ Q
• A disjunction is a compound statement formed by combining two simple statements, called disjuncts, with or. The disjunction P or Q is written symbolically as P \/ Q
• A truth table is a summary of all possible truth values of a logic statement
• A conditional compound statement formed by using the words if...then to combine two simple statements. The conditional if P then Q is written symbolically as P -> Q
• A hypothesis, also called a premise or antecedent, is an assertion that begins an argument. The hypothesis usually follows the word if
• A conclusion, also called a consequent, is an ending or a sentence that closes an argument. The conclusion usually follows the word then
• The inverse of a conditional is formed by negating the hypothesis and conclusion
• The converse of a conditional is formed by interchanging the hypothesis and the conclusion
• The contrapositive of a conditional if formed by interchanging and negating, both the hypothesis and conclusion
• Two statements are logically equivalent or logical equivalents if they always have the same truth value
• A biconditional is a compound statement formed by the conjunction ( P->Q) and its converse (Q->P)
• A valid argument uses a series of statements called premises that have known truth values to arrive at a conclusion
• CHAPTER 3:
• Postulates - 3.1 The Reflexive property of equality: a=a
• 3.2 The Symmetric Property of Equality: if a=b, then b=a
• 3.3 The Transitive Property of Equality: if a=b and b=c, then a=c
• 3.4 A quantity may be substituted for its equal in any statement of equality
• 3.5 A whole is equal to the sum of all its parts
• 3.5.1 A segment is congruent to the sum of all its parts
• 3.5.2 A angle is congruent to the sum of all its parts
• 3.6 If equal quantities are added to equal quantities, the sums re equal
• 3.6.1 If congruent segments are added to congruent segments, the sums are congruent
• 3.6.2 If congruent angles are added to congruent angles, the sums are congruent
• 3.7 If equal quantities are subtracted from equal quantities, the differences are equal
• 3.7.1 If congruent segments are subtracted from congruent segments, the differences are congruent
• 3.7.2 If congruent angles are subtracted from congruent angles, the differences are congruent
• 3.8 If equals are multiplied by equals, the products are equal
• 3.9 Doubles of equal quantities are equal
• 3.10 If equals are divided by nonzero equals, the quotients are equal
• 3.11 Halves of equal quantities are equal
• 3.12 The squares of equal quantities are equal
• 3.13 The positive square roots of equal quantities are equal
• CHAPTER 4:
• Adjacent angles are two angles in the same plane that have a common vertex and a common side but do not have any interior points in common
• Complementary angles are two angles the sum of whose degree measures is 90
• Supplementary angles are two angles the sum of whose degree measures 180
• A linear pair of angles are two adjacent whose sum is a straight angle
• Vertical angles are two angles in which the sides of one angle are opposite rays to the sides of the second angle
• Two polygons are congruent if and only if there is one-to-one correspondence between their vertices such that corresponding angles are congruent and corresponding sides are congruent
• -Corresponding parts of congruent polygons are congruent
• -Corresponding parts of congruent polygons are equal in measure
• Postulates - 4.1 A line segment can be extended to any length in either direction
• 4.2 Through two given points, one and only one line can be drawn (two points determine a line)
• 4.3 Two lines cannot intersect in more than one point 
• 4.4 One and only one circle can be drawn with any given point as center and 
• 4.5 At a given point on a given line, one and only one perpendicular can be drawn to the line
• 4.6 From a given point not on a given line, one and only one perpendicular can be drawn to the line
• 4.7 For any two distinct points, there is only one positive real number that is the length of the line segment joining the two points (Distance Postulate)
• 4.8 The shortest distance between two points is the length of the line segment joining these two points
• 4.9 A line segment has one and only one midpoint
• 4.10 An angle has one and only one bisector
• 4.11 Any geometric figure is congruent to itself ( Reflexive Property )
• 4.12 A congruence can be expressed in either order ( Symmetric Property )
• 4.13 Two geometric figures congruent to the same geometric figure are congruent to each other ( Transitive Property )
• 4.14 Two triangles are congruent if two sides and the included angle of one triangle are congruent, respectively, to two sides and the included angle of the other ( SAS )
• 4.15 Two triangles are congruent if two angles and the included side of one triangle are congruent, respectively, to two angles and the included side of the other ( ASA )
• 4.16 Two triangles are congruent if the three sides of one triangle are congruent, respectively, to the three sides of the other
• Theorems - 4.1 If two angles are right angles, then they are congruent
• 4.2 If two angles are straight angles, then they are congruent
• 4.3 If two angles are complements of the same angle, then they are congruent
• 4.4 If two angles are congruent, then their complements are congruent
• 4.5 If two angles are supplements of the same angle, then they are congruent
• 4.6 If two angles are congruent, then their supplements are congruent
• 4.7 If two angles form a linear pair, then they are supplementary
• 4.8 If two lines intersect to from congruent adjacent angles, then they are perpendicular
• 4.9 If tow lines intersect, then the vertical angles are congruent
• ‎(c) VLAD 2012
• 
  
• Made by Vlad, :D THANK YOU!!! XD...
•  lol

Issue 12: SS midterm

Much Thanks to Em!...(sorry i couldn't upload the pics, ill do that by the weekend)
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1I6BaOFSQ2atPp6mkJDhqdAer5Y-ugxPw24HObsjx3jc/edit

3.20.2012 ISSUE 12: SOCIAL STUDIES MID TERM
Made by Miyu, Em, Kathy
Main Idea:
1. President Harding promised a return to peace and prosperity.2. Calvin Coolidge supported a pro-business agenda
3. American business boomed in the 1920s
4. In 1928, Americans elected Herbert Hoover, hoping he would help good financial times continue,
Big Idea:
American Industries Boomed in the 1920s,  changing many ways of Americans’ way of Life

-1920s> Presidential Election approaches, there was economic difficulties were bad news for democrats.
-Many people blamed democrats for bad times
The Republicans looked for a candidate who would offer new hope for Americans
They chose:
 -Warren G. Harding- senator from Ohio
 -Calvin Coolidge- Governor of Massachusetts
Harding based his campaign strategy on a promise to return the country to stability and prosperity, “normalcy”
Democrats believed that there was still support for Wilson’s idea for reform.
They ran Ohio Governor, James N. Cox and New York’s Franklin D. Roosevelt for vice president.
Harding’s promise capture the public’s mood, winning by about 60% of the popular vote.
Secretary of Treasury, Andrew Mellon, pushed for tax cuts for the wealthy. Mellon believed that the policy would give incentive to invest in new businesses and create new jobs.
Teapot Dome Scandal: government scandal>Secretary of Interior Albert Fall, accepted large sums of $ and valuable gifts from private oil companies , allowing those companies to control US Navy oil reserve in Elk Hills, CA and Teapot Dome Wyoming.
Kellogg-Briand Pact: an agreement that outlawed war. 62 countries accepted the pact, a sign that most countries wanted to prevent another global conflict.
Model T: Ford made a sturdy and reliable car, nicknamed Tin Lizzie. The car was only in black for many years.
Moving Assembly line: a system using a conveyor belts to move parts and partly assembled cars from one group of workers to another. The worker stood in one place to do his job.
With the economy booming, public support for the Republican Party was strong, President Coolidge didn’t run for reelection in 1928, they chose Herbert Hoover
Hoover won with 58% of popular votes.
Main Idea:
1. In the 1920s many young people found new independence in a changing society
2. Post War Tension occasionally led to fear and violence.
3. Competing ideals caused conflicts between Americans with traditional beliefs and those with modern views.
4. Following the War, minority groups organized to demand their civil rights.
Big Idea:
Americans faced new opportunities, challenges, and fears as major changes swept the country in the 1920s.
Flappers: Young Women that cut their hair short and wore makeup and short dresses, openly challenging traditional ideas of how women should behave.
Red Scare: A time of fear of Communists, or Reds
Twenty-First Amendment: 1933 state and federal government ended prohibition of alcoholic beverages
Fundamentalism: A religious belief characterized by a literal interpretation of the bible
The Great Migration: A period of African American movement from the South to cities in the North

Main Idea:
Radio and movies linked the country in national culture.
Jazz and blues music became popular nationwide.
Writers and artist introduced new styles and artistic ideas
Big Idea:
Musicians, artists, actors, and writers contributed to American pop culture in the 1920s.
Talkie: Motion Picture with Sound
Jazz Age: An explosion in the popularity of jazz music gave the decade that nickname
Innovation: a new idea or way of doing something
Harlem Renaissance: A period of African American artistic accomplishment.
Lost Generation: Writers critisized American Society in the 1920s
Expatriates: People who leave their home country to live elsewhere.


Main Idea:
The U.S. stock market crashed in 1929.
The economy collapsed after the stock market crash
Many Americans were disatisfied with hoover’s reaction  to economic conditions
Roosevelt defeated Hoover in the election of 1932
Big Idea:
The collapse of the stock market in 1929 helped lead to the start of the Great Depression
Buying on the margin: Purchasing stocks on credit, or with borrowed money
Black Tuesday: On Tuesday October 29 the stock market crashed. So many ppl wanted to sell their stock, and so few wanted to buy, that the stock prices collapsed.
Business Cycle: The up and down pattern of the economy
The Great Depression: The economy did not recover quickly from the downturn that began in 1929. Because of its severity and length it was called the great depression   
Bonus Army: World War 1 veterans went to the capital to demand early payment of a military bonus

Main Idea:
1. Congress approved many new programs during the 100 days.
2. Critics expressed concerns about the New Deal.
3. New Deal Programs continued through Roosevelt’s first term
4.Roosevelt clashed with the Supreme Court over the New Deal

New Deal:Roosevelt and Congress worked together to create new programs to battle the Depression and aid recovery.
Fireside Chats: Radio Addresses in which Roosevelt spoke directly to the American people
Tennessee Valley Authority: TVA: hired people to build dams and generators, bring low cost electricity and jobs to communites in the Tennessee River Valley
Farm Credit Administration: FCA: helped farmers refinance their mortgages so they could keep their farms.
Agricultural Adjustment Act: helped stabilize agricultural prices\
Social Security Act: passed in 1935, provided some financial security for the elderly, disabled, children, and the unemployed
National Industrial Recovery Act: NIRA: Established fair competition laws
Second New Deal: despite critism of the new deal, democrats increased their majorities in both houses of Congress in the 1934 election.
Congress of Industrial Organizatios (CIO): Organised workers into unions based on industry, not skill level
Sit Down Strikes: Workers stayed in factories so that they could not be  replaced by new workers.
Roosevelt won re-election by a huge margin in 1936, winning every state but Maine and Vermont.


Main idea:
Parts of the Great Plains came to be known as the Dust Bowl as severe drought destroyed farms there.
Families all over the U.S. faced hard times
Depression-era culture helped lift ppl’s spirits
The New Deal had lasting effects on the American society
Big Idea:
All over the country, Americans struggled to survive the Great Depression
Dust Bowl: Massive storms swept the region,, turning parts of the Great Plains into the Dust Bowls
John Steinbeck: Writer who captured the desperation of Americans struggling through the Great Depression, especially those affected by the dust bowls
Woody Guthrie: Born in Oklahoma, a folk singer who crisscrossed the country singing his songs.