Issue 50: Japanese: Japanese Students

日本語の練習シート: 日本の学生

文法：

①N1というN2. N1 is specific and N2 is the general category

                １．「けいおう」というの日本の私立大学はいいのがっこうです。

                The Japanese Private University called Keio University is a good school.

②N1とかN2（とか）：Used to give examples. Things such as N1 and N2.　Among others.

                １．ももとかりんごとかなしとかがすきです。

                I like peaches, apples, pears, among others.

                ２．たいわんとか日本をいってみたいです。

                I want to go to Taiwan and Japan.

③Verb Stem＋かえます（かえる）：To change. (Use common sense or memorize! Btw note Kigaemasu for changing clothes. That's an exception)

                １．To change clothes:ふくをきがえます。（Note theが　

                ２．To change shoes or pants：くつをはきかえます。

                ３．To transfer on train:電車（でんしゃ）をのりかえます。

                ４．To edit an essay:　作文（さくぶん）をかきかえます。

                ５．To remake (into a movie, drama, etc.) :　作（つく）りかえます。

                ６．To put into another container：いれかえます。

                ７．To reposition:おきかえます

                ８．To exchange money:円（えん）をとりかえます。

④Review:　How to modify a noun

Part of Speech	How to Modify a noun
Noun	N1 +の+N2 (Let N1 be the noun modifying N2)
I-Adj	I-adj +Noun
Na-Adj	Na-adj +な+ Noun
Pre-Nominative (Kono,Sono, etc.)	Pre-Nominative + Noun
Verbs	Plain-form+ Noun

Note: Heiwa(peace is a noun in Japanese but it also means peaceful as a Na-verb)

⑤Review: How to conjugate  into plain form

What is plain form? Dictionary Form, Nai-Form, Ta-Form, Nakatta-Form

	Dictionary-Form	Nai-Form	Ta- Form	Nakatta-Form
行きます This is a verb and should be easy for you.	行く	行かない	行った	行かなかった
たのしいです This is an "i"-adj. The "i" turns to a "k(vowel)" sound depending on what form, after the dictionary form.... which is just drop "desu"	たのしい	たのしくない	たのしかった	たのしくなかった
きれいです This is a "na" adj. I like to say that the desu turns into a da because na-verbs are annoying thus ugly to the eye so you must have a cover to cover the ugliness," da" (If that makes any sense). And since it is not a "i" adj.And use datta for ta-forms... And the sound Ja as an cover for negation.	きれいだ	きれいじゃない　きれいではない	きれいだった	きれいじゃなかった

⑥ Plain Form Verb  +時（とき）: The time when (V),  ...

Ms. Kawamoto said that "了" is the best way to say express this to the Chinese speakers.

Present:

Japanese:食事（しょくじ）をする時に、「いただきます」をと言う。

Chinese: (吃飯時，要說 「Itadakimasu」。)

English: When we eat, we say "Itadakimasu".

Past:

Japanese: 食事（しょくじ）をした時に、「ごちそうさま」をと言う。

Chinese: 吃完飯了，要說 「Gochisousama」。

English: When we ate, we say "Gochisousama".

⑦How to use Adj. +時（とき）: The time when N1 was adj.... Basically the same rules as ④.

Na-adj:  ... Na-adj+な+時（とき）...

I-adj: I-adj + +時（とき）...

漢字：English translation: Reading(s)

公： Public:  Kou                      1. Kouritsu: Public            2.Kouen: Park    3. Koushi: Public and Private

文：Sentence: Bun                 1. Bungaku: Literature   2. Bunpou: Grammar      3. Sakubun: Essay

化：to take form of : Ka/ke 1. Kagaku: Chemistry      2.Bunka: Culture  3.Okeshou wo suru: To apply make up

花：Flower: Hana    1. Hanabi: Fireworks       2. Hanami: Flower viewing           3. Hanaya: Flower store

4.Hana Matsuri: Flower Festival

海：Ocean/Sea/Beach: Umi/Kai       1.Kaigai: Overseas           2.Nihonkai: Sea of Japan              3.Hokkaidou: Hokkaidou (Northern Island of Japan)

旅：Travel: Ryo        1.Ryokou: Travel/Trip     2.Kaigai Ryokou: Oversea travel                                3. Shuugaku Ryokou: Study tour

教：To teach: Oshi(eru)/ Kyou          1. Kyoushitsu: Classroom              2.Kyoukasho: Textbook                3.Kyoukai: Church

室：Room: Shitsu    1. Kyoushitsu: Classroom             2. Jishitsu: Own room    3. Washitsu: Japanese Styled Room

後：After/Behind: Ato/Ushiro/Go   1.Saigo: Last       2.Houkago: Afterschool                3. Gogo: Afternoon

午：Noon: Go           1.Gozen: AM     2. Gogo: PM       3. Dango: Boy's day (Holiday-May 5th)

着：To wear or to arrive: Ki(ru)/Tsu(ku)        1.Fuku wo Kimasu: to wear clothes         2. Kimono: Traditional Japanese robes    3. Gakkou ni tsukimasu: To arrive at school

知：To get to know : Shi(ru)                               1. Shirase: Notice             2. Shiteimasuka: Do you know?                 3. Shirimasen/Shiranai: IDK

Peace: へいわ：平和 (Also an era in Japan. Heiwa period :3 Supposedly peaceful)

Private:しりつ：私立

Public:こうりつ：公立

Boy's School：だんしこう：男子校

Girl's School：じょしこう：女子校 (JK=Joushi Kou)

Co-educational：(だんじょ)きょうがく：(男女)共学

Education:きょういく：教育

Tuition:じゅぎょうりょう：授業料: ( Jyugyou means class too....)

Grass:くさ：草

Lawn:しばふ：芝生

To Commute:かよう：通う: (Commuting is kayotteimasu)

Event:ぎょうじ：行事

After school:ほうかご：放課後: (Literal meaning is "After release from class")

Club Activity:ぶかつ：部活 (Go home club is Kiraku-bu. Bu= club :3)

Kendo:けんどう:

Cram School:じゅく：塾

Allowance:（お）こづかい：（お）小遣い

To study abroad:りゆうがくをする：留学する

To do (informal):やる

To perm:パーマをかける

To apply make-up:（お）けしょうをする：（お）化粧をする

To remove:ぬぐ(脱ぐ）

To change: (Look at the grammar point)かえる：替える

Bullying:いじめ: (I think of Ijiwaru=evil. Both have negative connotation )

Gun:じゅう：銃:

Drugs:まやく：麻薬 (weirdly means anesthetics in Chinese)

Cheating:カンニング: Cunning

Almost:ほとんど 

Point:ところ：所: (Point? WTH? Place. Basho works as well.)

Semester:がっき：学期

Graduation Ceremony:そつぎょうしき：卒業式

Culture:ぶんか：文化

Overseas travel:かいがいりょうこう：海外旅行

To quit/ discontinue:やめる：止める

Issue 49: Japanese 3 Mother's Day Unit (IDK why is it called that)

GRAMMAR:

REVIEW:

How do we for form Ta-form again?

Verb:　Sing that song in your head and you figure it out. Or just think of other words with the same dictionary form like I do.

I-Adj:　い→かった

Na-Adj:　なform＋だった

Noun:　Noun＋だった

NEW:

ª~たformり　~た form　り

Meaning: A. Things such as ①&②   B. Sometimes①, Sometimes②.

Ex:　私は、ひまなときに、おんがくをきいたり、えいがをみたりします。

When I'm free, I sometimes listen to music, sometimes watch movies.

When I'm free, I do things such as listen to music and watch movies.

You can just -ta form + ri as many times as you want.

Or you can use it one to emphasize, like the example below:

ビールをのんだりしては、いけません。

You should not do such things as drink beer.

♠～たformら

Meaning: A. If   B. When              C. After

Ex. もんだいがあったら、ともだちをはなしたいです。

If I had a problem, I want to talk to my friend.

♠～あげる・くれる・もらう

あげる: to give

くれる: to give

もらう: to receive

Okay.. this one is a bit tricky to me too. Though apparently I should just trust myself...

Ageru is like...

私はあなたにこれをあげます。

I give this to you.

Kureru is like...

あなたは私にこれをくれます。

You give me this.

Morau is like....

私はあなたにもらいます。

I received this from you.

And then there's that social hierarchy thingie too.

やります use it to  things inferior to you

あげますuse it normally I guess

くれます use it close to you

さしあげます I think it's use to your superiors

KANJI:

才（サイ）years old　　

１５才　15 years old

心（こころ）（シン）Heart     

心臓（しんぞう）the actual heart　心配（しんぱい）worry

思（おも（う））Think

休（やす（む））Rest/Break/Absent    

夏休み（なつやすみ）summer break        休み時間（やすみじかん）break time      お休みです（おやすみです）absent

買（か（う））Buy　    

買います（かいます）to buy          買い物（かいもの）shopping

早（はや（い））Early               朝早い（あさはやい）early morning

自（じ）Self     自分（じぶん）oneself   自由（じゆう）free  自動車（じどうしゃ）car

犬（いぬ）Dog     白い犬（しろいいぬ） white dog

太（ふと（い））（タイ）Fat  太陽（たいよう）sun  太平洋（たいへいよう）Pacific Ocean

屋（や）Store       本屋（ほんや）bookstore

Issue 48: US History--Why the Europeans settled and how did the Colonist settle down

Joint Stock Company: When stock companies allowed several investors to  pool their wealth in support of a colony that would, hopefully, yield a profit

Jamestown: In 1606, King James I of England granted a charter to Virginia Company. Virginia Company's three ships--Susan Constant, Discovery, and Godspeed-- with 150 passengers reached Virginia at 1607. Settlement was called Jamestown and river beside it was James River, in honor of king.

They lured financial supporters by asking for relatively small investments. Stockholders would receive 4/5 of all gold and silver found.  The King provided for the  remaining.

Starving Time: "No talk, no hope, no work, but dig gold, wash gold, refine gold, load gold." (John Smith)

No food and Diseases struck

1607, John Smith took control of settlement. "You must  obey this   law... he that  will not work shall not eat." Forced Colonist to farm. Persuaded nearby Powhatan to provide food.

1609, more colonist came. Powhatans were alarmed so destroyed  farms and killed livestock. Famine arise  and  colonist ate roots, rats, snakes and boiled shoe leather. Few survived. 

Leader of the new Jamestown demanded tributes of corn and labor from Powhatan.

Brown Gold: Tobacco. 1612, John Rolfe of Jamestown experimented cross breeding tobacco from Brazil with a harsh strain of weed that Nat. Am. grown  for years. Resulted in high quality tobacco. 1620s, exported 1.5 mill. lbs. to England.

Headright System: To lure more settlers in Jamestown, Virginia Company introduced the system in 1618. Anyone who paid for own/ another's passage to Virginia received 50 acres of land. Immigration skyrocketed.

Indentured Servants: To work plantations, many owners got servants from England. In exchange for food and shelter, a servant agreed to a limited term of servitude--4-7 years usu. Most from lower classes of English society.

Bacon's Rebellion: Nathaniel Bacon was a son of a wealthy Englishman and hated Nat. Am. He called them wolves who preyed  on innocent lamb. 1676, raised army to fight Nat. Am. on Virginia frontier. Governor Berkeley  declared Bacon's army, 1/3 made of landless settlers and debters, illegal. Stormed into Jamestown saying lack of representation. Turned  violent.

Puritans: Church members who wanted to "purify" or reform the Church  of England.

Anne Dudley & Simon Bradstreet. Anne became America's first English-Speaking Poet, whose poems provide some info on Puritan life and values. Boarded "Arabella".

John Winthrop: First governor of Puritan New England.

City Upon a Hill:  Puritan New England

Separatist: Felt  different from other puritans so formed independent group  with own ministers. Pilgrims.

Plymouth colony: 1620, small group  of families founded Plymouth Colony.

Massachusetts Bay Colony: 1630, the colonist from  Arabella established MA Bay Colony. Port town of Boston became capital.

Puritans were only one who could participate in gov't

Roger Williams: Nobody should be punished for religious beliefs. Felt that every person should  be free to worship according to his/her conscience. Founded Rhode Island, Providence the capital.  He guaranteed the separation of church, state and religious freedom

Anne Hutchinson: Banished her because  she held bible readings in her home. She felt that worshippers  didn't need the church/ ministers to interpret Bible for them. Banished her and family in 1638. Went to Rhode Island  then NY.

Pequot War: 1637, Pequot nation decided to take a stand against the colonist. Colonist formed an alliance w/ Narragansett (Old enemies of Pequot). Near destruction of Pequot Nation. May 1637, 90 English colonist+ 100s of Nat. Am. allies surrounded Pequot Fort and set it on fire, shooting Pequot men, women and children when they tried to escape/ surrender.

King Philip's War: Wampanoag chief Metacom, aka King Philips, didn't like that Nat. Am. had to toil for the English to live and can't hunt/fish  on Sabbath day (Sunday). Last effort to wipe out the invaderes, organized his tribe and several others into an alliance. 1675, hit and run tactics, Nat. Am. attacked  settlements  throughout New England. Cont'd for over a year.  No  surplus of food, disease and heavy casualties wore down the resistance.

Henry Hudson

New Netherlands: Dutch government granted the newly formed Dutch West India Company permission to colonize New Netherlands to expand thriving fur trade.

New Amsterdam: NYC, 1625 became capital of colony. 1655, Dutch extended claims by taking over New Sweden, a tiny colony of Swedish+ Finnish settlers that had established a rival fur trade along the Delaware River.

William Penn's Holy Experiment: A place w/ no land owning aristocracy. Guaranteed every adult male 50 acres of land and right to vote. Representative Assembly and Freedom of Religion was granted. Philadelphia, City of Brotherly Love.

Quakers  believed that God's inner light burned inside everyone. They held service  w/o formal ministers, allowing anyone to speak as the spirit moved him/her. They dressed plainly and refused to defer to persons of rank. Opposed War and Refused to serve in military.  Quakers were harassed by Anglicans and Puritans

Penn's relationship with Indians: Asked Lenni Lenapi, or the Delaware to have a friendly relationship. Ensured that colonist treated them fairly. Respected Penn in return.

James Oglethrope: English philanthropist received a charter for a colony they hoped could be a haven for those imprisoned for debt. It is Georgia, after King George the II. Prohibited drinking of rum and slavery.

George Calvert (Lord Baltimore): `1632, King Charles granted a charter for land north of the Chesapeake Bay.  It was named Maryland after Queen Henrietta Maria,  Charles' queen.

Foundation of Maryland the Religious Toleration Act:

Mercantilism: Country's ultimate goal was self sufficiency and that all countries were in a competition to acquire the most gold and silver. Thus, concentrated on Trade.

Navigation Acts: 1651, England's  Parliament passed these acts which  restricted colonial trade. The system benefited England and was good for most colonist too. Jobs were created because of this.

Sir Edmund Andros: Veteran Military Officer from an aristocratic family  appointed by King James II. Ended up making thousands of enemies. Angered Puritans by questioning their religion. He was strict on Navigation Acts and restricted local assemblies and levied taxes without any  input from local leaders.

Dominion of New England: King James II's attempt to make the colonial gov't more obedient, the Northern Territory, the colonies from S. Maine to New Jersey became one vast colony, the Dominion of New England

Glorious Revolution: King James was a Roman Catholic and he had little respect for parliament and didn't realize that his subject was more Protestantism and valued parliamentary right. Parliament invited William of Orange, the husband of James's  Protestant daughter Mary, to England. James fled the country and 1689, England voted to give the throne to William and Mary. After the colonies found out, Massachusetts colonist had a bloody rebellion in which they arrested Andros and his royal helpers. Parliament returned to the original status of the  colonies. They restored Massachusett's charter with that  the king  was to appoint the governor of MA and required more religious toleration. The Puritans were no longer able to persecute other groups.

Salutary Neglect was when England relaxed  its enforcements of most regulations in return for economic loyalty of the colonies.

Cash Crops: One grown primarily for sale rather than for farmer's own use by  specializing in raising a single plant.

Indentured Servitude:  Most of  them were young, indebted men who  traded a life of prison or poverty for a limited term of servitude in North Am.

How slavery became entrenched in colonial economy:  Needed  a labor source for their property. The triangular trade of slaves, raw materials and processed materials.

Stono Rebellion: Slave Revolt. 20 slaes gathered at the Stono River SW of Charles Town with guns and other weapons killing several planter families and marched south, beating drums and loudly inviting other slaves to join them to flee. Those slaves who were captured was executed.

Salem Witch Trials: Started with Tituba, the slave. She confessed and said that 9 people's name was in  the devil's book.

Great Awakening: A religious revival movement where it basically scared people back to church.

Jonathan Edwards: of Northampton, Massachusetts, was part of the clergy and wanted to revive religion. He preached that church audience was not just for salvation but that the  people must acknowledge their sins and feel god's love.

Know about European trade with the east before the Age of Exploration

The need for both trade and exploration, know about the nations that explored, that men that explored and claimed land for their nations,

Prince Henry the Navigator: Portugal developed and employed these innovations. He was An armchair navigator, he established an up-to-date sailing school.

____________________________________

Richard Hakluyt: Author of Discourse of Western Planting--Persuade the king to colonize

Europeans settled in America because Ottoman Empire took control of Constantinople, a major trade city. Too expensive to get stuff from Asia because more taxation.

Issue 47: APWH: Turkish Revolution, Indian Revolution, Chinese Revolutions, and Japanese Revolution

Turkish Revolution:
Shari'a: Islamic Law
Secular: Not connected with spiritual or religious matters
Shah: The Ruler of Persia
Zionism: Movement to make Palestine the home of the Jews
The events of WWI created an urgent need to create a Turkish Republic= The Multi Ethnicity of the Ottoman Empire + Rising sense of Nationality + Declining Economy +Declining Political Structure
Ottoman Empire Corrupted and the Sultan is ineffective
Ottoman Empire lost a lot of territory
Turks were the majority thus creating a state just for the Turks to embrace nationalism in place of the Ottoman Empire was necessary
Ataturk
Ataturk tried to modernize Turkey into a modern secular republic
Turkish Language is now written in the Roman Alphabet and shorn of many Arabic Elements
Education for the majority is establish
Aristocratic titles abolished (ie. Pasha and bey)
Oversaw establishment of light industrial sector that produces textile, glass, paper and cement
Modernized Agricultural Sectors
Established Training Institutions and Model Farms
Gave Women more freedom and inequality
1. Westernization
      a. Replaced Islamic Law (Shari'a)
      b. Adopted European-style law code (based on Swiss Model)

The Post War Experience of Turkey and Iran similar?
Both Turkey and Iran had freed themselves from another group.
(Turkey freed from Ottoman; Iran from Qajar Dynasty)
Had Militaristic Leaders
Turkey has Ataturk (Colonel Mustafa Kernal) a war hero of WWI
Iran has Reza Khan, an officer in the Persian Army
Both improved social and economic conditions... new machines to catch up with the rest of Europe
Balfour Declaration: a controversial disaster because 90% of the population was Islamic. Turn Palestine into a Jewish country although the majority of the people is Islamic. Zionism. Islamic Population Upset.


Indian Revolution:
Why did India fall to British Imperialism?
Corporate Imperialism (1650-1857)
-Deal with Mughal Princes for ports
-French eliminated after 7 year war (1758-1765)
-Demand more control over trade, taxes, when India rulers resist (Guns)
Gradual control- Princes-Official Ruler

India> Burma, Pakistan, Bangladesh>>>> IT'S ALL INDIA
But.... they have different languages, culture
They are against violence
Lack weapons and defense
Religious conflict
Easy Maritime Access
British already in India
Mughal Empire is falling apart
Caste System
Akbar the Great dies, with religious toleration falling apart...

Why was India important to Britain and the British East India Company?
-Growing importance to British crown due to Opium Trade
-Laws to prevent export of manufactured goods to England (18th C.)
-Laws to force Indians to buy only British goods-mercantilism (19th C.)
-Laws handling over land to big landlords for cash crops and tax revenue

-Forced to poverty
-Weaker, unable to work and think properly
-Territorial Conflict
-Forced to be tenants, small farmers kicked out
-Indian textile destroyed
-Exploitation of Resources-Benefits only the British though...


WORK IN PROGRESS...

Chinese Revolutions: 

Japanese Revolution:

Issue 46: Elimination and Substitution

Issue 45: Japanese Review