Issue 32: Chemistry: Solutions (Hoyle's Freshman Honor Chem Class)

Topics:

Solutions:

How to determine which substance is more soluble:

Solute-stuff being dissolved

Solvent-stuff in which the solute is being dissolved

Soluble-solute will dissolve in the solvent to a significant extent(not quantitative)

Solubility depends on the amount of solvent and on the temperature

Typically substances are more soluble at a higher temperature (gases are exception)

Unsaturated solution-when the maximum amount of solute able to be dissolved has not been dissolved yet

Saturated Solution-maximum amount of solute has been dissolved for a given temp

Supersaturated- when the amount of salt added is less than the amount that is not dissolved

Equilibrium is when the amount of solute being dissolved is the same as the amount coming out of the solution

Solubility if there is a constant volume and temperature, the increase of pressure will result in proportional increase in solubility.

Pressure has no effect on the solubility of solids

Unsaturated solution-more solute can be dissolved in the solvent

Supersaturated solution-there is more solute dissolved than can possibly be dissolved into the solvent

It is possible to test whether a solution is saturated, unsaturated, or supersaturated by:

1) adding more of the solute. If the solute dissolves, the solution was unsaturated. If the solute sinks to the bottom, the solution was saturated. If the substance crystallizes, the solute was an agitator, thus the substance was supersaturated.

2) distillation. Water is separated from the solute. Both of them would be weighted, and use the information on their masses to determine whether it’s unsaturated, saturated, or supersaturated according to the reference table.

Dilute: there is more of the solvent per solute

Concentrated: opposite of that ^^

Gas laws:

Combined Gas Law: P1V1/T1=P2V2/T2

Boyle’s Law: PV=Constant= P2V2

This is an inverse Proportion meaning as one goes up, the other goes down.

Concentration and Temperature are constants in boyle’s law

Charles Law

Volume (L)/Temperature (K) = Constant

*Temperature must be Kelvin

This is a Direct Proportion meaning if Temperature goes up or down, Volume does the same in order to keep the pressure constant.

Avogadro's Law

At the same temperature and pressure, all gases will have the same volume if the # of molecules are the same.(mol=n)

Ideal gas law: PV=nRT

R= 0.0821 atm * liters/mol * kelvin

Ideal Gas aka Kinetic Molecular Theory

1. Gas molecules have no volume or IMFs.Volume is the space between the molecules

2. No IMF’s

3. Molecules move in random straight line motion

4. Collisions are elastic

Other things to remember:

1 ml of water=1 cm3 of water

22.4 L of gas=1 mole of gas at STP

Websites/Resources:

http://chemistry.bd.psu.edu/jircitano/solution.html

http://water.me.vccs.edu/courses/env211/lesson8_3.htm

http://dl.clackamas.cc.or.us/ch105-04/molarity.htm

http://chemistry.bd.psu.edu/jircitano/gases.html

Created by Hoyle's Chem Class of 2012-2013
(Freshman Honor Chem)

Issue 31: Biology

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1_NH7aKE8bHm28Yls0WsQq4D7YZ3sOBupTZyzhSr914Y/edit?usp=sharing

Some Characteristic of Living Things

-Reproduce have children (Sexual VS Asexual)

-Grow and develop: Changes as it gets used to the world

-Respond to environment: Adapt

-Made of tiny cells

-Universal genetic code

Life Processes:

-Growth

-Nutrition

-Transport

Metabolism: Biological Process chemical reactions that break down material.

Organism will cease to exist if its homeostasis is disrupted and not restored.

Synthesis: Combining simple molecules to form more complex ones

Cellular Respiration: A series of chemical reactions that releases stored chemical energy for use in work.

Excretion: The process of discharging waste processes

Operational Definition: Pin down what it means

A statement of how to define and measure a concept or quantity

Complex Web of Life: All the different species of plants, animals, and other life forms interconnected and interacting with each other

Organism interact w/ itself

-atmosphere, soil, bodies of water

-Need for life found in environment and reused

Only item that is added to the system daily is energy in form of sunlight

What is Ecology?

-Branch of Science that study environment: What is consist of and how it works

-Greek word: Study of our house

-Person who studies ecology: Ecologist

Levels of Ecological Organization

Biosphere: Includes all of the world’s ecosystems interacting

-Thin zone around planet

Ecosystem: Community and physical Environment

Community: Many different types of population interacting with each other

Population: All member of one species in given area @particular time

Living Thing: Biotic

Producers:

Make own food from simple substances

Chlorophyll- Photosynthesis

CO2 and H2O complex food molecules

Autotrophs: Self Feeders

Sunlight: Energy Sources

Productivity: Low -Low Photosynthesis…

Chemosynthesis: Bacteria to producer

Consumers:

Heterotrophs, other feeders

Animals that feeds on other organism

Herbivores: Eats Producers

Carnivore: Eats Animals “Flesh Eater”

Decomposers

Organism consume dead organism

Common: Fungi and Bacteria

Saprophyte: Plant Decomposer

Non Living: Abiotic

Ecosystem include any matter, energy, characteristics,

Climate: Amount of Rainfall, Sunlight, Temp Range

Moisture

Plants that live in desert have adaptation for prevent water lost

Ectothermic: Cold Blooded

Endothermic: Warm Blooded

Availability and intensity of sunlight

Photoperiod: Amt of light per day

Geology

Food Chain : Pathway in which energy flows from organism to organism

Issue 30: Significant Figures (Hoyle's Freshman Honor Chem Class)

https://docs.google.com/document/d/18c_kZAHEIQ4QR_OjVe8DsR38aWJdHoxbDD7hU5FsRgw/edit

1. All nonzero number are significant

2. Middle Zeros are significant

3. Beginning Zeros are never significant

4. Ending zeros are significant only if there is a decimal

5. All digits expressed before the exponent in a scientific notation are significant

http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch1/sigfigs.html

SIMPLEST OUTLINE FOR NOW

Issue 29: APWH

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1i91j8n43OA1KqBH2RgXm9J7oEpen7u2UgHca1HVA1TM/edit?usp=sharing

Issue 29:APWH:Early Humans & Development of Agriculture

Human Migration out of Africa

-Longest period of Human History: All humans lived in small bands as hunter-gathers.

-Small groups of Homo Sapiens spread out of East Africa through the Middle East to Asia and Europe about 100,000 years ago

-Groups passed through New Guinea and Australia: Sea levels were lower because of Ice Age glaciers.

-Groups enter America through Ice Age lang connection with Siberia.

-15,000 years ago, human lived in almost all of the habitable regions of the world.

Tools of Paleolithic Humans

-Spears, arrows, bladed tools ie. Axes and knives

-Harpoon and needles

-Fire

1. Protect people from dangerous animals at night

2.Helped keep people warm esp. with animal fur and hides

3. Cooking

-Spoken language developed as another important innovation of Paleolithic humans.

-Coordination of a band of people for hunting big game… ie.mastodons

Paleolithic Society

-Early humans travel in nomadic groups-few dozen hunter-gatherers.

-Formed around kinship and fairly self-sufficient.

-Believed that small bands of people exchanged ideas, valuable possessions and mates with each other

The Neolithic Revolution: An Experiment with Seeds leads to farming

-8000BCE: Neolithic Revolution

-Discovery of Agriculture most likely made by women who were experimenting with seeds they gathered.

-First farmers:Slash-and-Burn agriculture

Definition of Slash-and-Burn: Slash the bark and Burn the trees to the ground.

Problem of Slash-and-Burn: Although land initially very fertile, it lost much of that fertility after a few years and caused them to migrate to new areas, helping to facilitate the spread of agriculture to new areas.

-Breeding of Animals: Domestication

-Different crops were domesticated in different regions of the world

-Grains like wheat and barley first grown in fertile crescent of SW Asia.

-Rice and Soybeans: First grown in East Asia along Yangzi and Huang He River.

-Yam and Sorghum: Sub-Saharan Africa

-SE Asia: Taro and Bananas

-Maize, beans and potatoes grown in Americas

More Stability=More People

-Farming a lot more work: More Stable

-Avg. Hunter and Gatherer work only 4 hours a day to find food

-With Stability came Population increase.

-Hunter and gatherers had small families

-Moving had stop: family could be larger.

Think about it: When they moved around, mothers are like holding their infant children as they moved. Can’t have too many children. Also their lifespans are shorter.

Life in Neolithic Village

-Not everyone had to be a farmer

-Job Specializations

-Metalsmith, Miller, Brewer, Trader, Priest--Provide for famer and farmer provide for them.

-Beginning of Privately owning land-wealthier class emerged.

-Ownership of land=economic power

-Hand kept in families’ hand and passed down from generation to generation.

-Wealthiest desired luxury items which can be traded with other communities

-Neolithic people- Nature=Life or Death

-Learn changes of seasons based on position of sun, moon and stars.

-Religious Main Goal: PRESERVE FERTILITY: Both their and their land.

-Beliefs center on life cycle of birth, growth, death, regenerate life.

-Clay figurines of gods and goddesses

-Consequence of gender roles:

Men:

Working on fields

Herding Animals

Outside of home

Women:

Care for children

Weaving cloth

making cheese from milk

Inside of home

-Male became more dominant.

Early Inventions in Metal and Transportation

-Neolithic villages, three main craft induestries developed and became essential elements

-Pottery, Metallurgy, Textile

-Earliest metal: Copper-Jewelry and Simple tools

-Heated to become more workable and made into  knives, axes, hoes and weapons

-Foundation for later development of tools and weapons made from bronze and iron

-3000BCE: Mesopotamian metalworkers discover mixure, or alloy of copper and tin

-Much harder than Copper alone.

-BRONZE: Made into weapons such as swords, spears, axes, shields, armor and tools such as bronze-topped plows that significantly changed warfare and agriculture.

-Copper farily common ore. Tin more significantly rare.

-Long Distance Trade needed for Tin

-1000BCE Iron discovered

-Metal workers if Carbon added, it became stronger.

-Iron more common than Tin, more affordable to lower classes: Resultant changes in warfare and in some places like Greece, politics.

-Exact origin of Wheel is unknown

-Sumerians used wheeled carts for several centuries before they were more formally organized around 3200BCE.

-Wheel allowed for transport of heavier loads and much longer-distance travel and trades.

Alternative Way of Life: Not Everyone is Farmer

Pastoral Nomadism: Depend on herd for survival and traveled to find grassland or steppe land require for herd to graze.

-NOT FARMING: Developed fighting skills using both offensive and defensive military tactics to defend their herds