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____━━____━┗|:::::|｡◕‿‿◕｡|
____━━____━━╰O--O-O--O ╯
NYAN CAT EMOTICONS LOL~!
Friday, March 23, 2012
Thursday, March 22, 2012
Math Vocab Issue 13
- Math 3/21
- Vocabulary
- CHAPTER 1:
- A collinear set of points is a set of points all of which lie on the same straight line
- A noncollinear set of points is a set of three or more points that do not all lie on the same straight line
- The distance between two points on the real number line is the absolute value of the difference of the coordinates of the two points
- B is between A and C if and only if A, B, and C are distinct collinear points and AB + BC = AC
- A line segment, or a segment, is a set of points consisting of two points on a line, called endpoints, and all of the points on the line between the endpoints
- The length or measure of a line segment is the distance between its endpoints
- Congruent segments are segments that have the same measure
- The midpoint of a line segment is a point of that line segment that divides the segment into two congruent segments
- The bisector of a line segment is any line, or subset of a line, that intersects the segment at its midpoint
- A line segment, RS, is the sum of two line segments, RP and PS, if P is between R and S
- Two points, A and B, are on one side of a point P if A, B, and P are collinear and P is not between A and B
- A half-line is a set of points on one side of a point
- A ray is a part of a line that consists of a point on the line, called an endpoint, and all the points on one side of the endpoint
- Opposite rays are two rays of the same line with a common endpoint an no other point in common
- An angle is a set of points that is the union of two rays having the same endpoint
- A straight angle is an angle that is the union of opposite rays and whose degree measure is 180
- An acute angle is an angle whose degree measure is greater than 0 and less than 90
- A right angle is an angle whose degree measure is 90
- An obtuse angle is an angle whose degree measure is grater than 90 and less than 180
- Congruent angles are angles that have the same measure
- A bisector of an angle is a ray whose endpoint is the vertex of the angle, and that divides that angle into two congruent angles
- Perpendicular lines are two lines that intersect to form right angles
- The distance from a point to a line is the length os the perpendicular from the point to the line
- If point P is a point on the interior of Angle RST and Angle RST is not a straight angle, or if P is any point not on straight angle RST, then Angle RST is the sum of two angles, Angle RSP and Angle PST
- A polygon is a closed figure in a plane that is the union of line segments such that the segments intersect only at their endpoints and no segments sharing a common endpoint are collinear
- A triangle is a polygon that has exactly three sides
- A scalene triangle is a triangle with no congruent sides
- An isosceles triangle is a triangle that has two congruent sides
- An equilateral triangle is a triangle that has three congruent sides
- An acute triangle is a triangle that has three acute angles
- A right triangle is a triangle that has a right angle
- An obtuse triangle is a triangle that has an obtuse angle
- An equiangular triangle is a triangle that has three congruent angles
- CHAPTER 2:
- Logic is the study of reasoning
- In logic, a mathematical sentence is a sentence that contains a complete thought and can be judged to be true or false
- A phrase is an expression that is only part of a sentence
- An open sentence is any sentence that contains a variable
- The domain or replacement set is the set of numbers that can replace a variable
- The solution set or truth set is the set of all replacements that will change an open sentence to true sentences
- A statement or a closed sentence is a sentence that can be judged to be true or false
- A closed sentence is said to have a truth value, either true (T) or false (F)
- The negation of a statement has the opposite truth value of a given statement
- In logic, a compound sentence is a combination of two or more mathematical sentences formed by using the connectives not, and, or, if...then, or if and only if
- A conjunction is a compound statement formed by combining two simple statements, called conjuncts, with the word and. The conjunction P and Q is written symbolically as P ^ Q
- A disjunction is a compound statement formed by combining two simple statements, called disjuncts, with or. The disjunction P or Q is written symbolically as P \/ Q
- A truth table is a summary of all possible truth values of a logic statement
- A conditional compound statement formed by using the words if...then to combine two simple statements. The conditional if P then Q is written symbolically as P -> Q
- A hypothesis, also called a premise or antecedent, is an assertion that begins an argument. The hypothesis usually follows the word if
- A conclusion, also called a consequent, is an ending or a sentence that closes an argument. The conclusion usually follows the word then
- The inverse of a conditional is formed by negating the hypothesis and conclusion
- The converse of a conditional is formed by interchanging the hypothesis and the conclusion
- The contrapositive of a conditional if formed by interchanging and negating, both the hypothesis and conclusion
- Two statements are logically equivalent or logical equivalents if they always have the same truth value
- A biconditional is a compound statement formed by the conjunction ( P->Q) and its converse (Q->P)
- A valid argument uses a series of statements called premises that have known truth values to arrive at a conclusion
- CHAPTER 3:
- Postulates - 3.1 The Reflexive property of equality: a=a
- 3.2 The Symmetric Property of Equality: if a=b, then b=a
- 3.3 The Transitive Property of Equality: if a=b and b=c, then a=c
- 3.4 A quantity may be substituted for its equal in any statement of equality
- 3.5 A whole is equal to the sum of all its parts
- 3.5.1 A segment is congruent to the sum of all its parts
- 3.5.2 A angle is congruent to the sum of all its parts
- 3.6 If equal quantities are added to equal quantities, the sums re equal
- 3.6.1 If congruent segments are added to congruent segments, the sums are congruent
- 3.6.2 If congruent angles are added to congruent angles, the sums are congruent
- 3.7 If equal quantities are subtracted from equal quantities, the differences are equal
- 3.7.1 If congruent segments are subtracted from congruent segments, the differences are congruent
- 3.7.2 If congruent angles are subtracted from congruent angles, the differences are congruent
- 3.8 If equals are multiplied by equals, the products are equal
- 3.9 Doubles of equal quantities are equal
- 3.10 If equals are divided by nonzero equals, the quotients are equal
- 3.11 Halves of equal quantities are equal
- 3.12 The squares of equal quantities are equal
- 3.13 The positive square roots of equal quantities are equal
- CHAPTER 4:
- Adjacent angles are two angles in the same plane that have a common vertex and a common side but do not have any interior points in common
- Complementary angles are two angles the sum of whose degree measures is 90
- Supplementary angles are two angles the sum of whose degree measures 180
- A linear pair of angles are two adjacent whose sum is a straight angle
- Vertical angles are two angles in which the sides of one angle are opposite rays to the sides of the second angle
- Two polygons are congruent if and only if there is one-to-one correspondence between their vertices such that corresponding angles are congruent and corresponding sides are congruent
- -Corresponding parts of congruent polygons are congruent
- -Corresponding parts of congruent polygons are equal in measure
- Postulates - 4.1 A line segment can be extended to any length in either direction
- 4.2 Through two given points, one and only one line can be drawn (two points determine a line)
- 4.3 Two lines cannot intersect in more than one point
- 4.4 One and only one circle can be drawn with any given point as center and
- 4.5 At a given point on a given line, one and only one perpendicular can be drawn to the line
- 4.6 From a given point not on a given line, one and only one perpendicular can be drawn to the line
- 4.7 For any two distinct points, there is only one positive real number that is the length of the line segment joining the two points (Distance Postulate)
- 4.8 The shortest distance between two points is the length of the line segment joining these two points
- 4.9 A line segment has one and only one midpoint
- 4.10 An angle has one and only one bisector
- 4.11 Any geometric figure is congruent to itself ( Reflexive Property )
- 4.12 A congruence can be expressed in either order ( Symmetric Property )
- 4.13 Two geometric figures congruent to the same geometric figure are congruent to each other ( Transitive Property )
- 4.14 Two triangles are congruent if two sides and the included angle of one triangle are congruent, respectively, to two sides and the included angle of the other ( SAS )
- 4.15 Two triangles are congruent if two angles and the included side of one triangle are congruent, respectively, to two angles and the included side of the other ( ASA )
- 4.16 Two triangles are congruent if the three sides of one triangle are congruent, respectively, to the three sides of the other
- Theorems - 4.1 If two angles are right angles, then they are congruent
- 4.2 If two angles are straight angles, then they are congruent
- 4.3 If two angles are complements of the same angle, then they are congruent
- 4.4 If two angles are congruent, then their complements are congruent
- 4.5 If two angles are supplements of the same angle, then they are congruent
- 4.6 If two angles are congruent, then their supplements are congruent
- 4.7 If two angles form a linear pair, then they are supplementary
- 4.8 If two lines intersect to from congruent adjacent angles, then they are perpendicular
- 4.9 If tow lines intersect, then the vertical angles are congruent
- (c) VLAD 2012
- Made by Vlad, :D THANK YOU!!! XD...
lol
Tuesday, March 20, 2012
Issue 12: SS midterm
Much Thanks to Em!...(sorry i couldn't upload the pics, ill do that by the weekend)
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1I6BaOFSQ2atPp6mkJDhqdAer5Y-ugxPw24HObsjx3jc/edit
3.20.2012 ISSUE 12: SOCIAL STUDIES MID TERM
Made by Miyu, Em, Kathy
Main Idea:
1. President Harding promised a return to peace and prosperity.2. Calvin Coolidge supported a pro-business agenda
3. American business boomed in the 1920s
4. In 1928, Americans elected Herbert Hoover, hoping he would help good financial times continue,
Big Idea:
American Industries Boomed in the 1920s, changing many ways of Americans’ way of Life
-1920s> Presidential Election approaches, there was economic difficulties were bad news for democrats.
-Many people blamed democrats for bad times
The Republicans looked for a candidate who would offer new hope for Americans
They chose:
-Warren G. Harding- senator from Ohio
-Calvin Coolidge- Governor of Massachusetts
Harding based his campaign strategy on a promise to return the country to stability and prosperity, “normalcy”
Democrats believed that there was still support for Wilson’s idea for reform.
They ran Ohio Governor, James N. Cox and New York’s Franklin D. Roosevelt for vice president.
Harding’s promise capture the public’s mood, winning by about 60% of the popular vote.
Secretary of Treasury, Andrew Mellon, pushed for tax cuts for the wealthy. Mellon believed that the policy would give incentive to invest in new businesses and create new jobs.
Teapot Dome Scandal: government scandal>Secretary of Interior Albert Fall, accepted large sums of $ and valuable gifts from private oil companies , allowing those companies to control US Navy oil reserve in Elk Hills, CA and Teapot Dome Wyoming.
Kellogg-Briand Pact: an agreement that outlawed war. 62 countries accepted the pact, a sign that most countries wanted to prevent another global conflict.
Model T: Ford made a sturdy and reliable car, nicknamed Tin Lizzie. The car was only in black for many years.
Moving Assembly line: a system using a conveyor belts to move parts and partly assembled cars from one group of workers to another. The worker stood in one place to do his job.
With the economy booming, public support for the Republican Party was strong, President Coolidge didn’t run for reelection in 1928, they chose Herbert Hoover
Hoover won with 58% of popular votes.
Main Idea:
1. In the 1920s many young people found new independence in a changing society
2. Post War Tension occasionally led to fear and violence.
3. Competing ideals caused conflicts between Americans with traditional beliefs and those with modern views.
4. Following the War, minority groups organized to demand their civil rights.
Big Idea:
Americans faced new opportunities, challenges, and fears as major changes swept the country in the 1920s.
Flappers: Young Women that cut their hair short and wore makeup and short dresses, openly challenging traditional ideas of how women should behave.
Red Scare: A time of fear of Communists, or Reds
Twenty-First Amendment: 1933 state and federal government ended prohibition of alcoholic beverages
Fundamentalism: A religious belief characterized by a literal interpretation of the bible
The Great Migration: A period of African American movement from the South to cities in the North
Main Idea:
Radio and movies linked the country in national culture.
Jazz and blues music became popular nationwide.
Writers and artist introduced new styles and artistic ideas
Big Idea:
Musicians, artists, actors, and writers contributed to American pop culture in the 1920s.
Talkie: Motion Picture with Sound
Jazz Age: An explosion in the popularity of jazz music gave the decade that nickname
Innovation: a new idea or way of doing something
Harlem Renaissance: A period of African American artistic accomplishment.
Lost Generation: Writers critisized American Society in the 1920s
Expatriates: People who leave their home country to live elsewhere.
Main Idea:
The U.S. stock market crashed in 1929.
The economy collapsed after the stock market crash
Many Americans were disatisfied with hoover’s reaction to economic conditions
Roosevelt defeated Hoover in the election of 1932
Big Idea:
The collapse of the stock market in 1929 helped lead to the start of the Great Depression
Buying on the margin: Purchasing stocks on credit, or with borrowed money
Black Tuesday: On Tuesday October 29 the stock market crashed. So many ppl wanted to sell their stock, and so few wanted to buy, that the stock prices collapsed.
Business Cycle: The up and down pattern of the economy
The Great Depression: The economy did not recover quickly from the downturn that began in 1929. Because of its severity and length it was called the great depression
Bonus Army: World War 1 veterans went to the capital to demand early payment of a military bonus
Main Idea:
1. Congress approved many new programs during the 100 days.
2. Critics expressed concerns about the New Deal.
3. New Deal Programs continued through Roosevelt’s first term
4.Roosevelt clashed with the Supreme Court over the New Deal
New Deal:Roosevelt and Congress worked together to create new programs to battle the Depression and aid recovery.
Fireside Chats: Radio Addresses in which Roosevelt spoke directly to the American people
Tennessee Valley Authority: TVA: hired people to build dams and generators, bring low cost electricity and jobs to communites in the Tennessee River Valley
Farm Credit Administration: FCA: helped farmers refinance their mortgages so they could keep their farms.
Agricultural Adjustment Act: helped stabilize agricultural prices\
Social Security Act: passed in 1935, provided some financial security for the elderly, disabled, children, and the unemployed
National Industrial Recovery Act: NIRA: Established fair competition laws
Second New Deal: despite critism of the new deal, democrats increased their majorities in both houses of Congress in the 1934 election.
Congress of Industrial Organizatios (CIO): Organised workers into unions based on industry, not skill level
Sit Down Strikes: Workers stayed in factories so that they could not be replaced by new workers.
Roosevelt won re-election by a huge margin in 1936, winning every state but Maine and Vermont.
Main idea:
Parts of the Great Plains came to be known as the Dust Bowl as severe drought destroyed farms there.
Families all over the U.S. faced hard times
Depression-era culture helped lift ppl’s spirits
The New Deal had lasting effects on the American society
Big Idea:
All over the country, Americans struggled to survive the Great Depression
Dust Bowl: Massive storms swept the region,, turning parts of the Great Plains into the Dust Bowls
John Steinbeck: Writer who captured the desperation of Americans struggling through the Great Depression, especially those affected by the dust bowls
Woody Guthrie: Born in Oklahoma, a folk singer who crisscrossed the country singing his songs.
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1I6BaOFSQ2atPp6mkJDhqdAer5Y-ugxPw24HObsjx3jc/edit
3.20.2012 ISSUE 12: SOCIAL STUDIES MID TERM
Made by Miyu, Em, Kathy
Main Idea:
1. President Harding promised a return to peace and prosperity.2. Calvin Coolidge supported a pro-business agenda
3. American business boomed in the 1920s
4. In 1928, Americans elected Herbert Hoover, hoping he would help good financial times continue,
Big Idea:
American Industries Boomed in the 1920s, changing many ways of Americans’ way of Life
-1920s> Presidential Election approaches, there was economic difficulties were bad news for democrats.
-Many people blamed democrats for bad times
The Republicans looked for a candidate who would offer new hope for Americans
They chose:
-Warren G. Harding- senator from Ohio
-Calvin Coolidge- Governor of Massachusetts
Harding based his campaign strategy on a promise to return the country to stability and prosperity, “normalcy”
Democrats believed that there was still support for Wilson’s idea for reform.
They ran Ohio Governor, James N. Cox and New York’s Franklin D. Roosevelt for vice president.
Harding’s promise capture the public’s mood, winning by about 60% of the popular vote.
Secretary of Treasury, Andrew Mellon, pushed for tax cuts for the wealthy. Mellon believed that the policy would give incentive to invest in new businesses and create new jobs.
Teapot Dome Scandal: government scandal>Secretary of Interior Albert Fall, accepted large sums of $ and valuable gifts from private oil companies , allowing those companies to control US Navy oil reserve in Elk Hills, CA and Teapot Dome Wyoming.
Kellogg-Briand Pact: an agreement that outlawed war. 62 countries accepted the pact, a sign that most countries wanted to prevent another global conflict.
Model T: Ford made a sturdy and reliable car, nicknamed Tin Lizzie. The car was only in black for many years.
Moving Assembly line: a system using a conveyor belts to move parts and partly assembled cars from one group of workers to another. The worker stood in one place to do his job.
With the economy booming, public support for the Republican Party was strong, President Coolidge didn’t run for reelection in 1928, they chose Herbert Hoover
Hoover won with 58% of popular votes.
Main Idea:
1. In the 1920s many young people found new independence in a changing society
2. Post War Tension occasionally led to fear and violence.
3. Competing ideals caused conflicts between Americans with traditional beliefs and those with modern views.
4. Following the War, minority groups organized to demand their civil rights.
Big Idea:
Americans faced new opportunities, challenges, and fears as major changes swept the country in the 1920s.
Flappers: Young Women that cut their hair short and wore makeup and short dresses, openly challenging traditional ideas of how women should behave.
Red Scare: A time of fear of Communists, or Reds
Twenty-First Amendment: 1933 state and federal government ended prohibition of alcoholic beverages
Fundamentalism: A religious belief characterized by a literal interpretation of the bible
The Great Migration: A period of African American movement from the South to cities in the North
Main Idea:
Radio and movies linked the country in national culture.
Jazz and blues music became popular nationwide.
Writers and artist introduced new styles and artistic ideas
Big Idea:
Musicians, artists, actors, and writers contributed to American pop culture in the 1920s.
Talkie: Motion Picture with Sound
Jazz Age: An explosion in the popularity of jazz music gave the decade that nickname
Innovation: a new idea or way of doing something
Harlem Renaissance: A period of African American artistic accomplishment.
Lost Generation: Writers critisized American Society in the 1920s
Expatriates: People who leave their home country to live elsewhere.
Main Idea:
The U.S. stock market crashed in 1929.
The economy collapsed after the stock market crash
Many Americans were disatisfied with hoover’s reaction to economic conditions
Roosevelt defeated Hoover in the election of 1932
Big Idea:
The collapse of the stock market in 1929 helped lead to the start of the Great Depression
Buying on the margin: Purchasing stocks on credit, or with borrowed money
Black Tuesday: On Tuesday October 29 the stock market crashed. So many ppl wanted to sell their stock, and so few wanted to buy, that the stock prices collapsed.
Business Cycle: The up and down pattern of the economy
The Great Depression: The economy did not recover quickly from the downturn that began in 1929. Because of its severity and length it was called the great depression
Bonus Army: World War 1 veterans went to the capital to demand early payment of a military bonus
Main Idea:
1. Congress approved many new programs during the 100 days.
2. Critics expressed concerns about the New Deal.
3. New Deal Programs continued through Roosevelt’s first term
4.Roosevelt clashed with the Supreme Court over the New Deal
New Deal:Roosevelt and Congress worked together to create new programs to battle the Depression and aid recovery.
Fireside Chats: Radio Addresses in which Roosevelt spoke directly to the American people
Tennessee Valley Authority: TVA: hired people to build dams and generators, bring low cost electricity and jobs to communites in the Tennessee River Valley
Farm Credit Administration: FCA: helped farmers refinance their mortgages so they could keep their farms.
Agricultural Adjustment Act: helped stabilize agricultural prices\
Social Security Act: passed in 1935, provided some financial security for the elderly, disabled, children, and the unemployed
National Industrial Recovery Act: NIRA: Established fair competition laws
Second New Deal: despite critism of the new deal, democrats increased their majorities in both houses of Congress in the 1934 election.
Congress of Industrial Organizatios (CIO): Organised workers into unions based on industry, not skill level
Sit Down Strikes: Workers stayed in factories so that they could not be replaced by new workers.
Roosevelt won re-election by a huge margin in 1936, winning every state but Maine and Vermont.
Main idea:
Parts of the Great Plains came to be known as the Dust Bowl as severe drought destroyed farms there.
Families all over the U.S. faced hard times
Depression-era culture helped lift ppl’s spirits
The New Deal had lasting effects on the American society
Big Idea:
All over the country, Americans struggled to survive the Great Depression
Dust Bowl: Massive storms swept the region,, turning parts of the Great Plains into the Dust Bowls
John Steinbeck: Writer who captured the desperation of Americans struggling through the Great Depression, especially those affected by the dust bowls
Woody Guthrie: Born in Oklahoma, a folk singer who crisscrossed the country singing his songs.
Thursday, March 15, 2012
looks so weird~.. cardboard nyan cat~Wednesday, March 14, 2012
Test Issue 11 Sci
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1WciIEHXWg4q0Js7K12WFz-o2rV8fmUngrTsK-As3O0I/edit
3.13.12 ISSUE 11: SCIENCE TEST!!!
Made by Em Liz, Miyu, Kathy
Weathering: The natural process by which atmospheric and environmental agents, such as wind, rain, and temperature changes, disintegrate and decompose rocks.
Mechanical/Physical Weathering: The process by which rocks break down into smaller pieces by physical means.
Ice Wedging: A type of mechanical weathering that occur when water seeps into cracks in rock and then freezes. When the water freezes, its volume increases by about 10% and creates pressure on the surrounding rock. this process widens and deepens the cracks in the rock and eventually splits the rock apart.
Abrasion: The grinding and weathering away of rock surfaces through the mechanical action of other rock or sand particles.
Organic Activity: As plants grow, the roots grow and expand to create pressure that wedges rock apart. When roots of large plants can fit in the cracks they make the cracks bigger. The digging activities of burrowing animals move soil and expose new rock surfaces to both mechanical and chemical weathering .
Chemical Weathering: the process by which rocks break down as a result of chemical reactions.
Oxidation: A reaction that removes one or more electrons from a substance such that the substance’s valence or oxidation state increases.
Hydrolysis: A chemical reaction between water and another substance to form two or more new substances .
Carbonation: The conversion of a compound into a carbonate.
Organic Acids: Acids that are produced naturally by certain living organisms .
Acid Precipitation: Precipitation that contains a high concentration of acids, often because of the pollution of the atmosphere.
Differential Weathering: the process by which softer, less weather resistant rocks wear away at a faster rate than harder, more weather resistance rocks do
Soil: A loose mixture of rock fragments and organic material that can support the growth of vegetation
Soil Profile: A vertical section of soil that shows the layers of horizon
Horizon: A horizontal layer of soil that can be distinguished from the layers above and below it, also a boundary between two rock layers that have different physical properties
Topsoil:Organic Matter, Living Organisms, and rock particles
Zone of Leaching: Dissolved or suspended material moving downwards
Subsoil: Larger rock particles with organic matter, living organisms, and rock particles
Rock Particles:Rocks that have undergone weathering
Bedrock: Solid rock layer
Erosion: A process in which the materials of earth’s surface are loosened, dissolved, or worn away and transported from one place to another by a natural agent, such as wind, water, ice, or gravity
Sheet Erosion: The process by which water flows over a layer of soil and removes the topsoil
Gullying:Accelerated Soil Erosion
Mass Movement: The Movement of a large mass of sediment or a section of land down a slope
Contour Plowing: Soil is plowed in curved bands that follow the shape of the land
Strip-Cropping: Crops planted in alternating bands
Cover Crop: Slows the runoff of the water to protect the soil
Terracing: Construction of step-like ridges that follows the contours of a sloped field
Crop-Rotation: Farmers plant one type of Crop one year, and a different one the next
Solifluction: The slow, downslope flow of soil saturated with water in areas surrounding glaciers at high elevations
Creep: The slow downhill movement of weathered rock material
Landform: A physical feature of Earth’s surface
Water cycle: the continuous movement of water between the atmosphere, that land, and the ocean
Evapotranspiration: The total loss of water from an area, which equals the sum of water lost by evaporation from the soil and other surfaces and the water lost by transpiration from organisms.
Condensation: the change of state from a gas to a liquid
Precipitation: Any form of water that falls to earth’s surface from the clouds(aderf)
Rockfall: The falling of rock from a steep cliff. Fastest kind of Mass Movement
Land Slides: Mass of Loose Rocks combine with soil suddenly fall down a slope
Mudflow: A rapid movement of a large amount of mud creates a landslide
Slump: The block of soil and rock become unstable and move downhill in one piece. This usually occurs in dry regions during sudden, heavy rainfall, or a result of an volcanic eruption
Talus: Rock fragment accumulated at the base of a slope, forming piles
Peneplains: Almost Flat
Plain: A relatively flat land near sea level
Plateau: A broad, flat land form that has a high elevation. More erosion than a plain
Mesa: Erosion may dissect plateau into tables-sized formations
Buttes: Mesas erode smaller to small narrow-top formations
Tributaries: All the feeder streams that flow into the main stream
Watershed: The land from which water runs off into the main stream
Divides: The ridges or elevated regions that separate water sheds
Channel: A relatively narrow depression that a stream follows as it flow downhills
Banks: The edges of a stream depression that are above water level
Bed: The part of a stream channel that is below water level
Headward Erosion: Channels lengthen and branch out to their upper ends
Delta: A fan-shaped mass of rock material deposited aat the mouth of a stream
Alluvial Fan: A fan-shaped mass of rock material deposited by a stream when the slope of the land decreases sharply
Stream Piracy: A stream from one watershed is captured by a stream from another watershed that has a higher rate of erosion
Stream Load: The materials other than the water that are carried by a stream
Discharge: the volume of water that flows within a given time
Gradient: The change in elevation over a given distance
Suspended Load: Particles of Fine sand and silt
Bed Load: Larger Coarser Matericals, such as coarse sand, gravel, and pebbles
Meander: One of the bends, twists, or curves in a low-gradient strema or river
Braided Stream: A stream or river that is composed of multiple channels that divide and rejoin around sediment bars
Natural Leeves: The accumulation of these deposit along the banks eventually produces raised banks
Dams: The most common method of direct flood control
Sorting: The amount of uniformity in the size of rock or sediment particles, making the rock less porous
Flood Plain: An area along a river that forms from sediments deposited when the river overflows its banks
Groundwater: The water that is beneath Earth’s surface
Aquifer: A body of rock or sediment that stores groundwater and allows the flow of groundwater
Porosity: The percentage of the total volume of a rock or sediment that consists of open spaces
Permeability: The ability of a rock or sediment to let fluids pass through its open spaces, or pores
Impermeable: when water cannot flow through it
Water Table: The upper surface of underground water; the upper boundary of the zone of saturation
Zone of Saturation: The layer of aquifer in which the pore space is completely filled with water
Zone of Aeration: The zone that lies between the water table and Earth’s surface
Capillary Action: Caused by the attraction of water molecules to other materials, such as soil
Artesian Formation: A sloping layer of perneable rock sandwiched between two layers of impermeable rock and exposed at the surface
Cavern: A natural cavity that forms in rock as a result of the dissolution of minerals; also a large cave that commonly contains many smaller, connecting chambers
Gradient: Steepness of the slope
Recharge Zone: Anywhere that water from the surface can travel through permeable rock
Well: A hole that is dug to below the level of the water table and through which groundwater is brought to the surface of Earth
Spring:A natural flow of ground water is brought to Earth’s surface
Sinkhole: a circular depression that forms when rock dissolves, when overlying sediment fills an existing cavity, or when the roof of an underground cavern or mine collapses
Karst Topography: A type of irregular topography that is characterized by caverns, sinkholes, and underground drainage and that forms on the limestone or other soluble rock
Ordinary Wells: Penetrate highly permeable sediment or rock below the water table.
Cone of Depression: Formed when pumping water from a well lowers the water table around the well
Ordinary Springs: Found in rugged terrain where the ground surface drops below the water table
Caprock: the top layer of impermeable rockArtesian Well: A well through which water flows freely without being pumped.
Artesian Springs: The flow made when water from the aquifier flows through cracks in the caprock
Hot Springs: Hot groundwater that is at least 37 C and rises to the surface before cooling
Travertine: Steplike terraces of calcite formed by deposits of minerals around the spring’s edges.
Mud Pots: A sticky, liquid clay which bubbles at the surface that forms when chemically weathered rock mixes with hot water
Paint Pots: Mud pots made by brightly colored minerals or organic materials in clay
Geysers: Hot springs that periodically erupt from surface pools or through small vents
Hard Water: Water that contains relatively high concentrations of dissolved minerals, especially minerals rich in calcium, magnesium, and iron
Soft Water: Water that contains relatively low concentrations of dissolved minerals
Cavern: A large cave that may consist of many smaller connecting chambers
Stalactite: A suspended, cone-shaped deposit formed by built-up calcite
Stalagmite: An upward-facing cone formed by built-up calcite when drops of water fall on the cavern floor
Column: A calcite deposit formed when a stalactite and a stalagmite grow and meet
Subsidence Sinkholes: Formed similarly to sinkholes, except as rock dissolves, overlying sediments settle into cracks in the rock and a depression forms
Collapse Sinkholes: Form when sediment below the surface is removed and an empty space forms within the sediment layer
Natural Bridge: An arch of rock formed by uncollapsed rock between each pair of sinkholes
Glacier: A large mass of moving ice
Snowfield: An almost motionless mass of permanent snow and ice, usually at high elevations or polar regions
Firn: Grainy ice made when snow is changed by cycles of partial melting and refreezing
Alpine Glacier: A narrow, wedge-shaped mass of ice that forms in a mountainous region and that is confined to a small area by surrounding topography
Continental Glaciers (Ice Sheets): massive sheets of ice that may cover millions of square kilometers, that ma be thousands of meters thick, and that are not confined by surrounding topography
Basal Slip: The process that causes the ice at the base of a glacier to melt and the glacier to slide
Internal Plastic Flow: The process by which glaciers flow slowly as grains of ice deform under pressure and slide over each other
(Fastest rate of flow is the center, near its surface.)
Crevasses: In a glacier, a large crack or fissure that results from ice movement
Ice shelves: Formed when parts of ice sheets move out over the ocean
Icebergs: Large blocks of ice broken off from ice shelves and drifting into the ocean
Cirque: A deep and steep bowl-like depression produced by glacial erosion
Arête: A sharp, jagged ridge that forms between cirques
Horn: A sharp, pyramid-like peak that forms because of the erosion of cirques
Rounded knobs of rock resulting when rocks are pulled away as ice passes
Hanging Valley: The tributary valley suspended high above the valley floor when ice melts
(A stream forms a V-shaped valley. When a glacier scrapes away the walls and floors, the V-shape becomes a U-shape.)
A large rock transported from a distant source by a glacier
Glacial Drift: Rock material carried and deposited by glaciers
Till: Unsorted rock material that is deposited directly by a melting glacier
Stratified Drift: Material that has been sorted and deposited in layers by streams flowing from the melted ice
Meltwater: Water resulting from melted ice
Moraine: A landform that is made from unsorted sediments deposited by a glacier
Lateral Moraine: A moraine that is deposited along the sides of an alpine glacier, usually as a long ridge
Medial Moraine: Combined adjacent lateral moraines that occur when two or more alpine glaciers join
Ground Moraine: The unsorted material left beneath the glacier when the ice melts
Drumlins: Long, low, tear-shaped mounds of till
Terminal Moraines: Small ridges of till that are deposited at the leading edge of a melting glacier
Outwash Plain: A deposit of stratified drift that lies in front of a terminal moraine and is crossed by many meltwater streams
Kettles: A bowl-like depression in a glacial drift deposit
Esker: A long, winding ridge of gravel and coarse sand deposited by glacial meltwater streams
Finger Lakes: Forms where terminal and lateral moraines block existing streams
Ice Age: A long period of climatic cooling during which the continents are glaciated repeatedly
Glacial Period: A period of cooler climate that is characterized by the advancement of glaciers
Interglacial Period: A period of warmer climate that is characterized by the retreat of glaciers
Milankovitch Theory: The theory that cyclical changes in Earth’s orbit and in the tilt of Earth’s axis occur over thousands of years and cause climatic changes
Saltation: The movement of sand or other sediments by short jumps and bounces that is caused by wind or water
Deflation: A form of wind erosion in which fine, dry soil particles are blown away
Desert Pavement (Stone Pavement): A surface of closely packed small rocks formed by rock particles remaining from deflation
Deflation Hollow: A shallow depression that forms when wind strips off the topsoil
Ventifact: Any rock that is pitted, grooved, or polished by wind abrasion
Dune: A mound of wind-deposited sand that moves as a result of the action of wind
Slipface: The opposite side of the crest of the dune, which has a steeper slope than the windward side does
Barchan Dunes: Crescent-shaped dunes that have an open side facing away from the wind
Parabolic Dune: A crescent-shaped dune whose open side faces into the wind
Transverse Dunes: A series of ridges of sand that may form in long, wavelike patterns and form a right angle to the wind direction
Longitudinal Dune: A dune that also forms in the shape of a ridge, but lie parallel to the direction the wind blows
Dune Migration: The movement of dunes. (If the wind usually blows in the same direction, dunes will move downwind.)
Loess: Fine-grained sediments of quartz, feldspar, hornblende, mica, and clay deposited by the wind
Headland: A high and steep formation of rock that extends out from shore into the water
Sea Cliff: Forms when waves erode the base of a rock until the rock collapses to form a steep slope
Bays: Areas that have less resistant rock
Sea Cave: Formed when waves cut deep into fractured and weak rock, and forms a large hole.
Sea Arch: When waves cut completely through a headland
Pressure: The resultant expansion and release of stress cause the rocks to develop large cracks or joints, at weak points in their structure
Parental Material: Rocks from which soil forms
Residue Soil: Soil that forms directly from the bedrock beneath it the location by erosion
Mature Soil: Soil that has been forming long enough to have developed distinct horizon
Immature Soil: Horizons are indistinct or altogether lacking
Pedalfer: Rich in aluminium and iron compounds produced when water and oxygen react with common rock forming minerals, and soluble calcium compound are washed away by successive rainfall
Gravity-> primary driving force of erosion
Agent of Erosion: Gravity can move sediments by acting on them indirectly
Erosional System-> natural conveyor belts, moving sediments form higher to lower
Mass Wasting: the downhill movement of sediments under the direct influence of gravity
Angle of Repose: Steepest slope angle at which particular sediment remain stable
Mouth: Point which stream enter the bodies of water
Traction: The force of flowing water in a stream can push or drag large particles downhill by rolling or slidding in a motion
Upwelling: As cold water moves towards the Equator, it displaces warmer water upward
Trade Wind: Winds near Equator
Equatorial Currents: Trade Winds from Westward-moving currents
Gyre: Large Circular Pattern of Motion
Long Shore Currents: Movement of water parallel to the beach
Swells: Waves with smoothly rounded crest and trough
Surf: Near Shore when waves breaks
Wave-Cut Notch: Undercuts a slope
Oasis: A patch of vegetation surrouneded by arid wasteland.
Desert Pavement: A continous larger of pebbles, gravel, and other coarse particles.
Granular Snow: Smaller and Rounder, denser than ice crystals
Firn: Densers than Granular Snow
Plucking: Process by which rock fragments are loosened, picker up, carried away by glaciers
Glacially Polished: Smooth Rock surfaces produced by this type of abrasion
Glacial Striation: Small Scratches in the surface of a bedrock
Graded Bedding: Rapid Deposition
*Oxbow Lake:The water erodes the land on the outside shore of the meander. Eventually it cuts all the way across the meander. and initially forms an island where the middle of the meander used to be, and the old channel now becomes a side channel. Eventually the side channel silts up, forming a U shaped lake. With time the, lake also silts up.
Leeve: A low, thick, ridge-like deposit
Berms: flat areas formed by wave action
Beaches:Deposit of sediments along the shoreline of a body of water
Spits: Most bars formed in this way are attached to one end of main land.
Tombolos: Sandbars connect an island to the mainland
Sandbars: A long, narrow, pile of sand deposited in open water
Barrier Bars: Wave deposit enough sand-> above water-> large> above sea leve,
Tidal Marshed: Completely block off a bay
Barrier Island: Broken here and there by tidal inlets elongated
Lagoons: the calm protected bodies of water between barrier bars and the mainland
Medium: the substance that carries sediment.
Sorting: The separation of particles during deposition
Earthflow:A rapid type of downslope mass movement that involves soil and other loose sediments. Usually triggered by water saturation from rainfall.
Soil Creep: The slowest form of mass movement. The soil expands and moves downhill due to gravity.
Slip-Face: Steep, Leeward side of dune
Outwash Plain: Numerous streams spread out over the land and deposit glacial material in a wide sheet
Varve: Pair of layers known as
Glacial Till: Material deposited directly from ice
Kettle Lake: A kettle may later fill with glacial meltwater, rainwater, or groundwater
Relief: A physical shape or general uneveness of a part of Earth’s surface, such as variation in slope
Topography: The geologic process that creates all the features of land
Stream Pattern: Refer to the pattern formed by the system of streams
Drainage Basin: The area from which precipitation drains into the stream or system of stream
Stream Drainage System: All of the streams in an area and their tributaries
Soil Association: groups of 2 or more soils, occuring together in a characteristic pattern in a given geographical area.
Physio graphic Provinces: Regions with similar landscape regions
Sea stacks: offshore columns of rock that once were connected to a sea cliff or head land
Wave-cut Terrace: as a sea cliff is worn, a nearly level platform usually remains beneath the water at the base of the cliff.
Wave-Built Terrace: Eroded material may be deposited offshore to create an extension to the wave-cut terrace
Longshore Current: a water current that travels near and parallel to the shoreline
Spit: A long, narrow deposit of sand connected at one end to the shore
Tombolos: beach deposits may also connect an offshore island to the mainland.
Estuary: An area where fresh water from rivers mixes with salt water from the ocean; the part of the river where the tides meet the river current.
Submergent coastline: when sea level rises or when land sinks a submergent coastline forms
Fiords: When u-shaped glacial valleys become flooded with ocean water as sea level rises, spectacular narrow, deep bays that have steep walls
Emergent Coastline: When the land rises or when sea level falls
Well... sorry kinda late but~
3.13.12 ISSUE 11: SCIENCE TEST!!! Made by Em Liz, Miyu, Kathy
Weathering: The natural process by which atmospheric and environmental agents, such as wind, rain, and temperature changes, disintegrate and decompose rocks.
Mechanical/Physical Weathering: The process by which rocks break down into smaller pieces by physical means.
Ice Wedging: A type of mechanical weathering that occur when water seeps into cracks in rock and then freezes. When the water freezes, its volume increases by about 10% and creates pressure on the surrounding rock. this process widens and deepens the cracks in the rock and eventually splits the rock apart.
Abrasion: The grinding and weathering away of rock surfaces through the mechanical action of other rock or sand particles.
Organic Activity: As plants grow, the roots grow and expand to create pressure that wedges rock apart. When roots of large plants can fit in the cracks they make the cracks bigger. The digging activities of burrowing animals move soil and expose new rock surfaces to both mechanical and chemical weathering .
Chemical Weathering: the process by which rocks break down as a result of chemical reactions.
Oxidation: A reaction that removes one or more electrons from a substance such that the substance’s valence or oxidation state increases.
Hydrolysis: A chemical reaction between water and another substance to form two or more new substances .
Carbonation: The conversion of a compound into a carbonate.
Organic Acids: Acids that are produced naturally by certain living organisms .
Acid Precipitation: Precipitation that contains a high concentration of acids, often because of the pollution of the atmosphere.
Differential Weathering: the process by which softer, less weather resistant rocks wear away at a faster rate than harder, more weather resistance rocks do
- The more exposure, or surface area, of a rock that receives the effect of weathering agents the faster the rock will weather
- Fractures and Joints increase the surface area of a rock and allow weathering to take place more rapidly
- In general climates that have alternating periods of hot and cold weather allow the fastest rates of weathering. When temperatures rise, the rate at which chemical reactions occur also accelerates. In warm, humid climates chemical weathering is fairly rapid. The slowest rates of weathering occur in hot dry climates , the lack of water limits many weathering processes.
- Topography, or the elevation and slope of the land surface, also influences the rate of weathering. Since temperatures are generally cold at high elevations. On steep slopes, such as mountainsides, weathered rock fragments are pulled downhill by gravity and washed out by heavy rains. As the rocks slide down the mountain or are carried away by mountain streams, rocks smash against each other and break apart.
Soil: A loose mixture of rock fragments and organic material that can support the growth of vegetation
Soil Profile: A vertical section of soil that shows the layers of horizon
Horizon: A horizontal layer of soil that can be distinguished from the layers above and below it, also a boundary between two rock layers that have different physical properties
- The A horizon, or topsoil, is a mixture of organic materials and small rock particles. Almost all organisms that live in soil inhabit the A horizon
- The B horizon, or subsoil, contains the minerals leached from the topsoil, clay, and sometimes, humus
- The C horizon consists of partially-weathered bedrock. The first stages of mechanical and chemical change happen in this bottom layer
- Climate determines the weathering processes that occur in the region. These weathering processes, in turn, help determine the composition of soil
- In humid tropical climates there is thick soil that develops rapidly. this thick soil contains iron and aluminum minerals that do not dissolve easily in water
Topsoil:Organic Matter, Living Organisms, and rock particles
Zone of Leaching: Dissolved or suspended material moving downwards
Subsoil: Larger rock particles with organic matter, living organisms, and rock particles
Rock Particles:Rocks that have undergone weathering
Bedrock: Solid rock layer
Erosion: A process in which the materials of earth’s surface are loosened, dissolved, or worn away and transported from one place to another by a natural agent, such as wind, water, ice, or gravity
Sheet Erosion: The process by which water flows over a layer of soil and removes the topsoil
Gullying:Accelerated Soil Erosion
Mass Movement: The Movement of a large mass of sediment or a section of land down a slope
Contour Plowing: Soil is plowed in curved bands that follow the shape of the land
Strip-Cropping: Crops planted in alternating bands
Cover Crop: Slows the runoff of the water to protect the soil
Terracing: Construction of step-like ridges that follows the contours of a sloped field
Crop-Rotation: Farmers plant one type of Crop one year, and a different one the next
Solifluction: The slow, downslope flow of soil saturated with water in areas surrounding glaciers at high elevations
Creep: The slow downhill movement of weathered rock material
Landform: A physical feature of Earth’s surface
Water cycle: the continuous movement of water between the atmosphere, that land, and the ocean
Evapotranspiration: The total loss of water from an area, which equals the sum of water lost by evaporation from the soil and other surfaces and the water lost by transpiration from organisms.
Condensation: the change of state from a gas to a liquid
Precipitation: Any form of water that falls to earth’s surface from the clouds(aderf)
- Water Budget is the continuous cycle of evapotranspiration, condensation, and precipitation. In Earth’s water budget, precipitation is the income. Evapotranspiration and runoff are the expenses.
Rockfall: The falling of rock from a steep cliff. Fastest kind of Mass Movement
Land Slides: Mass of Loose Rocks combine with soil suddenly fall down a slope
Mudflow: A rapid movement of a large amount of mud creates a landslide
Slump: The block of soil and rock become unstable and move downhill in one piece. This usually occurs in dry regions during sudden, heavy rainfall, or a result of an volcanic eruption
Talus: Rock fragment accumulated at the base of a slope, forming piles
Peneplains: Almost Flat
Plain: A relatively flat land near sea level
Plateau: A broad, flat land form that has a high elevation. More erosion than a plain
Mesa: Erosion may dissect plateau into tables-sized formations
Buttes: Mesas erode smaller to small narrow-top formations
Tributaries: All the feeder streams that flow into the main stream
Watershed: The land from which water runs off into the main stream
Divides: The ridges or elevated regions that separate water sheds
Channel: A relatively narrow depression that a stream follows as it flow downhills
Banks: The edges of a stream depression that are above water level
Bed: The part of a stream channel that is below water level
Headward Erosion: Channels lengthen and branch out to their upper ends
Delta: A fan-shaped mass of rock material deposited aat the mouth of a stream
Alluvial Fan: A fan-shaped mass of rock material deposited by a stream when the slope of the land decreases sharply
Stream Piracy: A stream from one watershed is captured by a stream from another watershed that has a higher rate of erosion
Stream Load: The materials other than the water that are carried by a stream
Discharge: the volume of water that flows within a given time
Gradient: The change in elevation over a given distance
Suspended Load: Particles of Fine sand and silt
Bed Load: Larger Coarser Matericals, such as coarse sand, gravel, and pebbles
Meander: One of the bends, twists, or curves in a low-gradient strema or river
Braided Stream: A stream or river that is composed of multiple channels that divide and rejoin around sediment bars
Natural Leeves: The accumulation of these deposit along the banks eventually produces raised banks
Dams: The most common method of direct flood control
Sorting: The amount of uniformity in the size of rock or sediment particles, making the rock less porous
Flood Plain: An area along a river that forms from sediments deposited when the river overflows its banks
Groundwater: The water that is beneath Earth’s surface
Aquifer: A body of rock or sediment that stores groundwater and allows the flow of groundwater
Porosity: The percentage of the total volume of a rock or sediment that consists of open spaces
Permeability: The ability of a rock or sediment to let fluids pass through its open spaces, or pores
Impermeable: when water cannot flow through it
Water Table: The upper surface of underground water; the upper boundary of the zone of saturation
Zone of Saturation: The layer of aquifer in which the pore space is completely filled with water
Zone of Aeration: The zone that lies between the water table and Earth’s surface
Capillary Action: Caused by the attraction of water molecules to other materials, such as soil
Artesian Formation: A sloping layer of perneable rock sandwiched between two layers of impermeable rock and exposed at the surface
Cavern: A natural cavity that forms in rock as a result of the dissolution of minerals; also a large cave that commonly contains many smaller, connecting chambers
Gradient: Steepness of the slope
Recharge Zone: Anywhere that water from the surface can travel through permeable rock
Well: A hole that is dug to below the level of the water table and through which groundwater is brought to the surface of Earth
Spring:A natural flow of ground water is brought to Earth’s surface
Sinkhole: a circular depression that forms when rock dissolves, when overlying sediment fills an existing cavity, or when the roof of an underground cavern or mine collapses
Karst Topography: A type of irregular topography that is characterized by caverns, sinkholes, and underground drainage and that forms on the limestone or other soluble rock
Ordinary Wells: Penetrate highly permeable sediment or rock below the water table.
Cone of Depression: Formed when pumping water from a well lowers the water table around the well
Ordinary Springs: Found in rugged terrain where the ground surface drops below the water table
Caprock: the top layer of impermeable rockArtesian Well: A well through which water flows freely without being pumped.
Artesian Springs: The flow made when water from the aquifier flows through cracks in the caprock
Hot Springs: Hot groundwater that is at least 37 C and rises to the surface before cooling
Travertine: Steplike terraces of calcite formed by deposits of minerals around the spring’s edges.
Mud Pots: A sticky, liquid clay which bubbles at the surface that forms when chemically weathered rock mixes with hot water
Paint Pots: Mud pots made by brightly colored minerals or organic materials in clay
Geysers: Hot springs that periodically erupt from surface pools or through small vents
Hard Water: Water that contains relatively high concentrations of dissolved minerals, especially minerals rich in calcium, magnesium, and iron
Soft Water: Water that contains relatively low concentrations of dissolved minerals
Cavern: A large cave that may consist of many smaller connecting chambers
Stalactite: A suspended, cone-shaped deposit formed by built-up calcite
Stalagmite: An upward-facing cone formed by built-up calcite when drops of water fall on the cavern floor
Column: A calcite deposit formed when a stalactite and a stalagmite grow and meet
Subsidence Sinkholes: Formed similarly to sinkholes, except as rock dissolves, overlying sediments settle into cracks in the rock and a depression forms
Collapse Sinkholes: Form when sediment below the surface is removed and an empty space forms within the sediment layer
Natural Bridge: An arch of rock formed by uncollapsed rock between each pair of sinkholes
Glacier: A large mass of moving ice
Snowfield: An almost motionless mass of permanent snow and ice, usually at high elevations or polar regions
Firn: Grainy ice made when snow is changed by cycles of partial melting and refreezing
Alpine Glacier: A narrow, wedge-shaped mass of ice that forms in a mountainous region and that is confined to a small area by surrounding topography
Continental Glaciers (Ice Sheets): massive sheets of ice that may cover millions of square kilometers, that ma be thousands of meters thick, and that are not confined by surrounding topography
Basal Slip: The process that causes the ice at the base of a glacier to melt and the glacier to slide
Internal Plastic Flow: The process by which glaciers flow slowly as grains of ice deform under pressure and slide over each other
(Fastest rate of flow is the center, near its surface.)
Crevasses: In a glacier, a large crack or fissure that results from ice movement
Ice shelves: Formed when parts of ice sheets move out over the ocean
Icebergs: Large blocks of ice broken off from ice shelves and drifting into the ocean
Cirque: A deep and steep bowl-like depression produced by glacial erosion
Arête: A sharp, jagged ridge that forms between cirques
Horn: A sharp, pyramid-like peak that forms because of the erosion of cirques
Rounded knobs of rock resulting when rocks are pulled away as ice passes
Hanging Valley: The tributary valley suspended high above the valley floor when ice melts
(A stream forms a V-shaped valley. When a glacier scrapes away the walls and floors, the V-shape becomes a U-shape.)
A large rock transported from a distant source by a glacier
Glacial Drift: Rock material carried and deposited by glaciers
Till: Unsorted rock material that is deposited directly by a melting glacier
Stratified Drift: Material that has been sorted and deposited in layers by streams flowing from the melted ice
Meltwater: Water resulting from melted ice
Moraine: A landform that is made from unsorted sediments deposited by a glacier
Lateral Moraine: A moraine that is deposited along the sides of an alpine glacier, usually as a long ridge
Medial Moraine: Combined adjacent lateral moraines that occur when two or more alpine glaciers join
Ground Moraine: The unsorted material left beneath the glacier when the ice melts
Drumlins: Long, low, tear-shaped mounds of till
Terminal Moraines: Small ridges of till that are deposited at the leading edge of a melting glacier
Outwash Plain: A deposit of stratified drift that lies in front of a terminal moraine and is crossed by many meltwater streams
Kettles: A bowl-like depression in a glacial drift deposit
Esker: A long, winding ridge of gravel and coarse sand deposited by glacial meltwater streams
Finger Lakes: Forms where terminal and lateral moraines block existing streams
Ice Age: A long period of climatic cooling during which the continents are glaciated repeatedly
Glacial Period: A period of cooler climate that is characterized by the advancement of glaciers
Interglacial Period: A period of warmer climate that is characterized by the retreat of glaciers
Milankovitch Theory: The theory that cyclical changes in Earth’s orbit and in the tilt of Earth’s axis occur over thousands of years and cause climatic changes
Saltation: The movement of sand or other sediments by short jumps and bounces that is caused by wind or water
Deflation: A form of wind erosion in which fine, dry soil particles are blown away
Desert Pavement (Stone Pavement): A surface of closely packed small rocks formed by rock particles remaining from deflation
Deflation Hollow: A shallow depression that forms when wind strips off the topsoil
Ventifact: Any rock that is pitted, grooved, or polished by wind abrasion
Dune: A mound of wind-deposited sand that moves as a result of the action of wind
Slipface: The opposite side of the crest of the dune, which has a steeper slope than the windward side does
Barchan Dunes: Crescent-shaped dunes that have an open side facing away from the wind
Parabolic Dune: A crescent-shaped dune whose open side faces into the wind
Transverse Dunes: A series of ridges of sand that may form in long, wavelike patterns and form a right angle to the wind direction
Longitudinal Dune: A dune that also forms in the shape of a ridge, but lie parallel to the direction the wind blows
Dune Migration: The movement of dunes. (If the wind usually blows in the same direction, dunes will move downwind.)
Loess: Fine-grained sediments of quartz, feldspar, hornblende, mica, and clay deposited by the wind
Headland: A high and steep formation of rock that extends out from shore into the water
Sea Cliff: Forms when waves erode the base of a rock until the rock collapses to form a steep slope
Bays: Areas that have less resistant rock
Sea Cave: Formed when waves cut deep into fractured and weak rock, and forms a large hole.
Sea Arch: When waves cut completely through a headland
Pressure: The resultant expansion and release of stress cause the rocks to develop large cracks or joints, at weak points in their structure
Parental Material: Rocks from which soil forms
Residue Soil: Soil that forms directly from the bedrock beneath it the location by erosion
Mature Soil: Soil that has been forming long enough to have developed distinct horizon
Immature Soil: Horizons are indistinct or altogether lacking
Pedalfer: Rich in aluminium and iron compounds produced when water and oxygen react with common rock forming minerals, and soluble calcium compound are washed away by successive rainfall
Gravity-> primary driving force of erosion
Agent of Erosion: Gravity can move sediments by acting on them indirectly
Erosional System-> natural conveyor belts, moving sediments form higher to lower
Mass Wasting: the downhill movement of sediments under the direct influence of gravity
Angle of Repose: Steepest slope angle at which particular sediment remain stable
Mouth: Point which stream enter the bodies of water
Traction: The force of flowing water in a stream can push or drag large particles downhill by rolling or slidding in a motion
Upwelling: As cold water moves towards the Equator, it displaces warmer water upward
Trade Wind: Winds near Equator
Equatorial Currents: Trade Winds from Westward-moving currents
Gyre: Large Circular Pattern of Motion
Long Shore Currents: Movement of water parallel to the beach
Swells: Waves with smoothly rounded crest and trough
Surf: Near Shore when waves breaks
Wave-Cut Notch: Undercuts a slope
Oasis: A patch of vegetation surrouneded by arid wasteland.
Desert Pavement: A continous larger of pebbles, gravel, and other coarse particles.
Granular Snow: Smaller and Rounder, denser than ice crystals
Firn: Densers than Granular Snow
Plucking: Process by which rock fragments are loosened, picker up, carried away by glaciers
Glacially Polished: Smooth Rock surfaces produced by this type of abrasion
Glacial Striation: Small Scratches in the surface of a bedrock
Graded Bedding: Rapid Deposition
*Oxbow Lake:The water erodes the land on the outside shore of the meander. Eventually it cuts all the way across the meander. and initially forms an island where the middle of the meander used to be, and the old channel now becomes a side channel. Eventually the side channel silts up, forming a U shaped lake. With time the, lake also silts up.
Leeve: A low, thick, ridge-like deposit
Berms: flat areas formed by wave action
Beaches:Deposit of sediments along the shoreline of a body of water
Spits: Most bars formed in this way are attached to one end of main land.
Tombolos: Sandbars connect an island to the mainland
Sandbars: A long, narrow, pile of sand deposited in open water
Barrier Bars: Wave deposit enough sand-> above water-> large> above sea leve,
Tidal Marshed: Completely block off a bay
Barrier Island: Broken here and there by tidal inlets elongated
Lagoons: the calm protected bodies of water between barrier bars and the mainland
Medium: the substance that carries sediment.
Sorting: The separation of particles during deposition
Earthflow:A rapid type of downslope mass movement that involves soil and other loose sediments. Usually triggered by water saturation from rainfall.
Soil Creep: The slowest form of mass movement. The soil expands and moves downhill due to gravity.
Slip-Face: Steep, Leeward side of dune
Outwash Plain: Numerous streams spread out over the land and deposit glacial material in a wide sheet
Varve: Pair of layers known as
Glacial Till: Material deposited directly from ice
Kettle Lake: A kettle may later fill with glacial meltwater, rainwater, or groundwater
Relief: A physical shape or general uneveness of a part of Earth’s surface, such as variation in slope
Topography: The geologic process that creates all the features of land
Stream Pattern: Refer to the pattern formed by the system of streams
Drainage Basin: The area from which precipitation drains into the stream or system of stream
Stream Drainage System: All of the streams in an area and their tributaries
Soil Association: groups of 2 or more soils, occuring together in a characteristic pattern in a given geographical area.
Physio graphic Provinces: Regions with similar landscape regions
Sea stacks: offshore columns of rock that once were connected to a sea cliff or head land
Wave-cut Terrace: as a sea cliff is worn, a nearly level platform usually remains beneath the water at the base of the cliff.
Wave-Built Terrace: Eroded material may be deposited offshore to create an extension to the wave-cut terrace
Longshore Current: a water current that travels near and parallel to the shoreline
Spit: A long, narrow deposit of sand connected at one end to the shore
Tombolos: beach deposits may also connect an offshore island to the mainland.
Estuary: An area where fresh water from rivers mixes with salt water from the ocean; the part of the river where the tides meet the river current.
Submergent coastline: when sea level rises or when land sinks a submergent coastline forms
Fiords: When u-shaped glacial valleys become flooded with ocean water as sea level rises, spectacular narrow, deep bays that have steep walls
Emergent Coastline: When the land rises or when sea level falls
Well... sorry kinda late but~
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