https://docs.google.com/document/d/1MOaHFrATT2wWVny8PZvz2oOwG1m3Wj4Gj5jiI0mF-YE/edit?usp=sharing
Britain: Workshop of the World
Great Britain was the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution.
Enclosure:
Crop Rotations: Restore Nutrient (Nitrogen Cycle)
Seed Drills: ie. Clover: Good for Live Stock
Enclosure Acts:
Removing previous existing rights of local ppl to carry out activities
ie. cultivation, cutting hay, grazing animals, etc.
Inclosure Acts: small areas had been passed sporadically since 12th Century but Majority (Higher Production of Food) were passed btwn 1750 and 1860
Inefficient
More people>>>>Population Growth>>>Fewer Jobs
Steam Engines: A machine burns coal to make steam to move water
Puddling Process: Blasted iron ore to make it higher quality metals
Locomotive: Transport faster
Factory System:
>Workers were able to work regular hours in shifts to keep machines producing steadily.
>Creates “work discipline” to working regular hours and doing same thing over and over
>Population growth led to large amount of unskilled labors
>Children discipline more directly
Europeans attempt preventing spread of Industrialism to many places
India
British East India Company
Many Indians lost their job of being a spinner and a hand loomer; job now is to send raw materials to Britain and gain whatever $ they can make from that
Russia
Gov’t rather keep it in a serfdom as it was mainly a rural & agricultural society ruled by autocratic regime
Joint stock investment banks: Poured saving of thousands of small & large investor creating a supply of capital that can be given back through industry
19th Century Bourgeoisie: “New Aristocracy”
Middle Class: Meritocracy
-working with machines in bad condition and receive low wages, and do menial jobs, feeling disconnected to project
-bourgeoisie created working class (working class exists solely for the bourgeoisie)
-Enlightenment used by the Bourgeoisie to further their cause
-more relationship btwn lord & peasant
Peterloo Massacre:1819:cavalry charged into a crowd of 60,000–80,000 that had gathered to demand the reform of parliamentary representation. Cavalry charged into the crowd with sabres drawn, and in the ensuing confusion, 15 people were killed and 400–700 were injured.
Enacted 6 Acts: Label any meaning for radical reform
Cult of Domesticity:
Women’s place is in the house
A true lady doesn't work (not even housework)
Pleasant home for husband and children
In exchange: Husband give Pleasant home.
Corset: (This is stupid) A corset is a garment worn to hold and shape the torso into a desired shape for aesthetic or medical purposes… this is something that
Women’s Role
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Early Phase
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Later Phase
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Working Class
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Working class women held jobs in factories and mine in addition to caring for home and family
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Same
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Middle Class
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Middle class assisted husband in establishing factories
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Discourage to work (Cult of Domesticity)
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Thoughts about the genders:
Men: Rational, Decisive, Pratical (BREAD WINNER)
Women: Loving, Nurturing, Morally Pure, Emotional (HOME MAKER)
Unhappy Middle Class Women: Mentally ill….
Women who worked are:
Not really women (Don’t ask me why =.=”)
Sexually Corrupted (=.=”)
Impure
Maybe taken advantage of (=.=”)
Temperance Movement: BANNED ALCOHOL
Charities raised $ for soup kitchens for orphanages, etc.
Henrik Ibsen-1879- A Doll’s House
>Scandal> Go against all belief
>1st time challenged it.
> Weirdly Henrik Ibsen is a GUY… so a GUY challenged it for the WOMEN~
Lassiez Faire? YES OR NO???
What problem will no gov’t regulations bring?
-Monopoly: NOT GOOD
-No FDA (Who knows if you are eating poison or not?)
-Income Inequality
-No minimum wage
-Child Labor
-No School
-More crime, no police
Invisible Hand: Invisible hand of the market works for the betterment of society
Society does best when we make our own decisions
Government regulations will protect property and free speech
Adam Smith: Author of Wealth of Nations--argues YES, Lassiez Faire, No Gov’t Regulations, Supply and Demand
Thomas Malthus: Population growth will outpace food survey
war, disease, famine will control population
poor should have fewer children
food supply will keep out
David Ricardo:
Iron law of wages
wages high and children
large labor surplus> depresses way
Combination Act of 1825: Allow labor union but severely restricted their activities
Allowed bargaining over wages
Corn Laws: CORN IS WHEAT IN BRITAIN
>>>made it too expensive to import cheaper and foreign corn: no competition/ increase price of corn…
British Corn Industry: Big Victory for middle bourgeoisie
Anti-Corn Law League: 1804: beginning>>> VIOLATION OF LAISSEZ FAIRE
Illegal to Unionized: Rebel, Against Natural Rights, Combined against, worker arrested for only...employer are not arrested
Communism: A political theory derived from Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly own.
5 States of Human Development:
> Primitive Communism: No class, small group, material goods are shared
> Slavery: Basic Need of Production: Ppl, Two classes-Slave Owners & Slaves
> Feudalism: Basic means of Production: Land, Landowners, Land workers
> Capitalism: Two classes are capital ($) Capitalist and Workers
> Communism: Public Property, All ppl collatively owned everything
(I think that’s enough about Communism, we have several worksheets)
Overpopulation> Immigration
Bad Working Conditions> Sanitation, Science
Widen Gap btwn wealthy and poor> Increase wages (minimum wage), forming unions, enfranchised voters
Unhappy Middle Class Women: Enfranchisement
Atk on the Frames (Power Looms): Ludism The “Luddites”: dangerous & punished severely,
The Luddites hated Technology (Taking away their jobs)
Utilitarianism: Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill
The goal of society is the greatest good for the greatest #
More realistic than communism
Role to play for gov’t intervention to provide some social safety net.
Robert Owens:
Socialist Utopian: Ppl as society would operate and own the means of production, not individual
Society benefits everyone not just rich, well connected ppl
tried to build perfect communities (utopians)
Believed it WILL CATCH ON
British Reform Bill of 1832: Reform Bill, removed unnecessary borough
Catholic Emancipation Act of 1829:Catholics got right to vote
Reform Act of 1832: ⅓ of men can vote
Reform Act of 1867: 1 Million voters-urban working class
Reform Act of 1884: Peasant class can vote
Voting Right of 1918: Women over age of 30 can vote
Voting Rights of 1928: Women over age of 21 can vote (same as men)
Potato Famine:
Irish Among Poorest in Entire world
¼ can read and write
Life Expectancy Short (40 Years Old)
Married Young and Died Young: 16: girls; 17,18: boys >>>Large Families
Ireland Penal Laws of 1695:
Irish can’t
-Serves as officer in British Army/Navy
-Hold Gov’t office
-Vote
-Buy land
-Practice Law
-Attend School
-Serve as Apprentice
-Possess Nation
-The Catholic Church Outlawed
-Gaelic Language banned
-Export trade: Forbidden as Irish
Commerce Industry Destroyed
In Essence: Virtually ALL land owned by ANGLO-IRISH WHO ARE PROTESTANT
Tenants: All Catholic
Cultural Difference
Daniel O’Connell: Fights and win Catholic Empancipation in 1829
Repealed most of Penal Laws, British completely owns them, too late though…it has already affected the Irish greatly
Potato Famine: 1845: Lasted 6 year, airborne fungus brought by Mexico by British SHip
Potato Rot from inside
Repealed Corn Laws: Made grains cheaper but Irish still can’t afford it
Relief Commission: raised $ and British would match it, made up of landlords, clergy, and magistrates
Prime Minister Robert Deel: Set up very cheap corn shipments but it had poor distributions
Charles Edward Thompson: in charge of relief commission, too complicated
Why would British Belief in Laissez Faire hurt relief effort
> Ended corn shipment
> Didn’t want to hurt landlord
> Irish Landlord
1 million Irish died, 500000 evicted, 250000 emigrated in a “COFFIN SHIP”
Second Industrial Revolution:
- Changes from 1st to 2nd I.R.
-US Industrial Steel output was greater than G. Britain, France, Germany, and Russia Combined
- Coal and Iron was the two most important resources in the 1st I.R., but was replaced with steel and oil.
- New Resources
- Petroleum:
- 1859: oil drilling begins in Pennsylvania. Gasoline was thrown away
- Oil used for kerosene (heat and light) + lubricant (gasoline thrown away)
- 1863: Standard oil company (John D. Rockefeller)
- Steel
- 1850: Bessemer process in England used to remove carbon from iron efficiently
- Steel for railroad tracks, farm machines, bridges and more.
- 1892: Carnegie Steel Company was the largest steel company yet.
- Importance of Steel
- it was needed for bridges and tall buildings.
- New Innovations
- Communication
- telegraph by Samuel Morse in 1844
- 1st transatlantic cable in 1858
- telephone by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876
- phonograph by Thomas Edison in 1877
- Electricity
- 1879: Edison invents the light bulb
- 1882: Pearl Street power light (for electric lights)
- 1900: 2,774 stations are powered. 2 million nationwide
- 1904: Electric subway opens in N.Y.
- New Ideas
- Scientific Management developed by Frederick Taylor
- sought to make human work for efficient
- workers resisted end of “Flexibility”
- Monopolies
- Biggest corporations from trusts
- Permits large scale production
- Elimination of competition
- Overwhelming power over workers
- ex: Standard oil monopoly owned by Rockefeller = too much power
- The assembly line
- developed by Henry Ford
- Faster and more efficient → drop in prices
- Monotonous, de-skilling of workers
-Fordism (Henry Ford)
Turned employees into consumers by paying them higher wages
- Change in City
- Mass consumption → Department stores
- advertising started (this was known as mass marketing)
- consumers begin to buy things for fun, rather than buying only necessary materials
- New entertainment arouse
- Society
- urbanization
- poor living conditions (tenements)
- new opportunities for women in white collar jobs
- People who wanted change
- Florence Nightingale (1820 - 1910): she advocated for sanitation
- Ignaz Semmelweis (1818 - 1865):
- He researched about childbirth. Mothers’ who baby are delivered by doctors have a higher chance of being infected with childbirth fever or infection, than those whose babies were delivered by midwives.
-Semmelweis did not understand germ theory but hypothesized that if doctors washed their hands, the deaths would decrease.
- But nobody believed him, about germs and etc. so he committed suicide.
- Louis Pasteur (1822 - 1895): Pasteurization (germ theory → Cholera vaccine)
Safer Food Production
AVERAGE LIVING AGE
|
Male
|
Female
|
1850
|
40.3
|
42.8
|
1910
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52.7
|
56
|
I. Ottoman Empire
Sick man of Europe>>> OTTOMAN EMPIRE
1) 1800s Ottoman Empire had declined
2) 1805- Egyptian Independence
3) 1815- Serbian Independence>>> Slavic Revolts
4) 1829- Greek Independence
Russia attack Ottoman
Eastern Question: Control? Who will control aftermath?
1908-Young Turks > Reformers
- Forced sultan to return Empire to constitutional rule
1909
-Military officers over throw Sultan
-Begin period of reform and modernization
-Most minority gone>> Ottoman began embracing Turkish Nationalism
-Leads to period of chaos>>> Sultan back to power
Too many nationalities, downfall affected the world
II. Italian Unification
A. Special Awareness and loyalty to nation
B. Members
Count Cavour>>>Head (Prime Minister of Piedmont)
Suicidal
Piedmont Sardinia
Giuseppi Garibaldi>>>Sword
Loves fighting--lived in Staten Island at one point
Giuseppi Mazzini>>>Heart
King Victor Emmanuel>>>Leader
C. Crimean War
Russia fighting Ottoman Empire
Britain, France, Italy, kicks out Austria.
Piedmont gained Lombardy--Stage One (Sardinian War)
D. Austro-Prussian War
Austria loses control over Venetia (Venize)
Venetia annexed to Italy
City of Magenta painted in blood (Where color came from)
Italy is Unified
E. Risorimento: Movement for liberation and political unification of Italy (1750-1870)
F. Cavour is first person to take over and provide the necessary leadership to unify Italy. Invested in Economic Expansions in order to provide weapons for Piedmont’s large larmy. Alligned w/ French against Austria. Overthrewn Austrian rule in Northern Italy AKA Piedmont.
G. Garibaldi is Italian Patriot in S. Italy raised army of 1000 volunteers named Red Shirts. Went to Sicily and after to the mainland and whent onto Italian Peninsula. Naples and Kingdom of Two Sicilies fell. Garibaldi turned over conquest to Cavour’s Piedmont and became centralized
III. German Unification
A. German Confederation
1. 39 states populated by German speaking ppl
2. Alliance of Independent States
3. Divided religiously united culturally
4. Dominated by Austrian Empire (ruled by German speakers)
B. Early Attempts at Unification
1. Zollverein (1834) =economic alliance
a. Set standard monetary system
b. Reduced tariffs btwn German states
2. Frankfurt Assembly (1848)
a. 1st attempt at political unity
b. Germany offer Prussia king, king refused (think of self center Prussia, if you know Hetalia)
C. Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898)
1. Named Prussian Chancellor in 1882
2. Realpolitik- realistic politics utilized for benefit of state
3. "Blood and Iron": Use of militarism and war to unify Germany
D. Steps to get there
1. The Danish War (1864): Prussia and Austria take German speaking
2. The Austrian-Prussian War (1866): 7 week war, Prussia defeated Austria, Prussia now unquestioned leader, 21/39 Germanic States unified
3. Creation of N. German Confederation (1867): Bismarck eliminated the ?????????, Treaty of Prague
4. EM Dispatch (1870) Catalyst for war, Bismarck forged a telegraph insulting Napoleon III, Seemed like it was Kaiser(It was Bismarck) and "manufactured a war"
5. Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871): Prussia takes German Provinces of Alsace and Lorraine, united remaining Germanic states, French is bankrupted by this
E. Grimm Brothers: 1855--Germany is land of Fairy tales.
F. 1st Reich is Holy Roman Empire, 2nd is German Conferation
IV. Austrian Empire
Lost Alliances, Can't control Nationalist Revolts within itself.
By the 19th Century, Austrian Empire included many national minorities, (Hungarians, Slavs, Romanians, etc.)
25% of Population was German
Weakened by Italian and German Unification
Everyone was fighting Austria... 2 big wars.
Lost $, Lost Population, Sent inspiration.
Hapsburg (Austrian house) agreed to Dual Monarchy (1867) Ausgleich (Comprmise of 1867)
1. Emperor Francis Joseph felt threaten by Hungarian (Magyar) nationalist movement
2. Empress Elisabeth of Austria, Queen of Hungary-Beloved by people, murder by Anarchist
3. Emperor loves Elisabeth but Elisabeth, not really....
Otto von Bismarck predicted WWI (tension)
V. Social Darwinism
Racist
White Men's Burden
Needed to Educate the Mass.
VI. Old Imperialism VS New Imperialism
Colony: A country or a region governed internally by foreign power
Protectorate: A country or territory with its own internal gov't but undercontrol of outside
Sphere of Influence: An area in which an outside power claims exclusive investments/ trading privileges
Economic Imperialism: Independent by less developed nations controlled by private business interests rather than by other gov't
Indirect Control: Local gov't official used, Limited self-rule, Goal: to develop future leaders, Gov't institution based on European styles but may have local rules
Direct Control: Foreign Officials brought in to rule, no self rule, assimilation, gov't institutions are based on European styles
Old Imperialism (1450-1650)
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New Imperialism (1870-1914)
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"Glory, God, Gold"
Sought new routes to Asia and trading post
Luxury Goods, items
Sought labor and slavery
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"Christianity, Commerce and Civilization
Sought new markets for Manufacturing
Sought military bases and naval bases
Natural Resources
Refueling Station
Outlet for growing population
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Coastal Africa
Coastal Asia and Island
North and South America
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Entire Sub-Saharan Africa
S and SE Asia
China Sphere of Influences
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Portugal
Spain
France
England
Dutch
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England
France
Germany
US
Italy
Russia
Belgium
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How did the IR influence imperialism?
New Markets for Goods produced in Europe
Need for Raw Material (Rubber and Oil) PALM OIL
Bases for supply and refueling
Need land for excess population (remember, industrialization leads to population expansion)
How did Nationalism influence imperialism?
Industrialized countries are competing economically against each other
Colonies become "Badges of Prestige"
What helped the imperialist to control so much territory?
Railroad, Telegraph, Canal, Steamboat, Medical Advancement
VII. Egypt
Egyptian-French collaboration: Attempt by French to access the East
The British bought the Suez Canal, as French was bankrupted
British bought the French Debt; sent troops to Egypt to produce the Egyptian Pasha w/ economic advice
Lord Cromer: Ruler of Egypt
5000 troops were Egyptian
VIII. Belgian Congo
Belgian Congo-Democratic Republic of Congress
Belgian King Leopold II (r. 1865-1909)
Plantation Agriculture: Harvesting Rubber
Disruption of tradition: Gender roles, Tribal class structure
Forced off land by taxes and onto plantation
Creation of a impoverished African working class, Impoverish working class, "Punishing Lazy" workers
IX. South Africa & the Rest of Africa
A. Dutch
1. 1652-Establish Cape Colonies
2. Began as a base on route to S.E. Asia
3. Descendents of Dutch Settlers (Boers)
Cecil Rhodes (1853-1902)???
B. British
1. 1815: Take Cape Colony
2. 1836-1838: "Great Trek"
-Boer Migration: partly because British abolished slavery in Empire
3. Boer War (1899-1902) British War
4. Diamond (1860s), Gold (1880s)
British moves North.
C. Impact of British Rule
1. British capital pours in
2. Unites entire S. African colony (Union of Africa)
3. Huge need for African leaders
4. Native Lands Act (1923): Black prohibits from officially settling in cities, men must carry a "pass" issued by employers
D. Berlin Conference (1884-1885)
1. Principle of Notification: Notifying other powers of territorial annexation
2. Principle of Effective Occupation to validate the annexation
3. Freedom of Trade in Congo Basin
4. Freedom of Navigation on the Niger and Congo River
5. Freedom of Trade to All Europeans
How might the Berlin Conference disrupt African life?
Grouping a bunch of Africans that dislike each other leads to internal conflict as different tribes are with different civilization
Who are the Signatory Powers?
The European countries that have took over a part of Africa "European superpowers"
What was the relationship btwn African nations and the nations of Europe?
The European dominate and "change lives for the better" and "civilize the barbarians/supervise"
How did Africans resist imperialism?
"Scramble for African"
All were decentralized states with the exception of Ethiopia
Modernized, Emperor Mendik I was able to resist Italian Imperialism and Expand as they had weapons
Remained independent: Liberia (Founded by American slaves)
X. India
Disraeli: Prime Minister
1765: Local Control >>>>1857: British East India control
Trading Post> Not a total take over> Becomes one
Spices, Textile (Silk), Central Area (China)
Corporate Imperialism (1650-1857)
Deals w/ Mughal princes for ports
French eliminated after 7 Year War (1758-1765)
Demand more control over trade, taxes, when Indians rules resist (GUNS)
Gradual control> Princes are official rulers--however they are barely an image
India at this point is India, Burma, Pakistan, Bangladesh
Different languages, cultures--some against violence
Lack of weapons/ defencse
Religious Conflict
Easy maritime access
British already in India
Mughal Empire is falling apart
Caste system
When Akbar the Great dies, religious toleration falls apart
Why was India important to Britain and the British East India Company?
-Growing importance to British due to Opium Trade
-Laws to prevent export of manufactured goods to England (18th C.)
-Laws to forced Indians to buy only British goods-mercantilism (19th C.)
-Laws handling over land to big landlords for cash crops and tax renevues
-Cotton and jute (rope)
-Forced to poverty
-Weaker
-Territorial conflict
-Forced to be tenants, small farmers are kicked out
-Indian textile destroyed
-Exploitation of Resources-Benefits only British
Why did Britain take over from the British East India Company?
Sepoy Mutiny: May 10th 1857 to June 20th 1858
> Early anti-imperialist rebellions
Dissatisfied elements:
>Former Indian rules and aristocrats
>Peasantry/soldiers
>Diverse leaders with egaliterian claims but local in scale, no national unity
>British use Sikhs to overcome Hindus and Muslims
Pitting of Hindus VS. Muslims VS. Sikhs
Pitting of one caste against another: Degradation of the caste system
Sepoys discover that grease to load the guns is really pigs and beef
Many Indians don't eat Pork or Beef
Mutiny didn't separate> too centralized
Changes to Economy
Industrialization
Low wage laborers
End of cottage industry
Plantation agriculture: Peasant Farmers
Political and economic unity of Inida
Improve infrastructure: Trains, Roads, Bridges
Suttee: Outlawed it>>> Burned alive w/ a dead husband
Banned female infanticide
A small group of Indians are educated as Englishmen to assist English administrator
XI. Qing China
Opium War (1839-1842): Superior British technology but atk on only a few city; Emperor submits rather than risk a widened war
-19th Century Hong Kong and Shanghai is seized by the British
-All ports are opened to Europeans: End of “Canton System” of supervising trade
-Free trade in China- Chinese gov’t loses right to make economical
decisions-protect infant industries: Monopolies start up
-Because labor was so cheap & productive, no pressure to industrialize &
modernize; Confucianism scorns merchants as “unproductive”--commerce is exploitative
Queen Victoria: INTERNATIONAL DRUG KINGPIN (Done illegally)
Forcing drugs by GUNS
Social Structure of China:
Emperor>>>Scholar>>>Landowners>>> Peasants>>> Craftsmen>>>Merchants>>> Actors
Lack of Capital: European colonials profit allowed them to spurt ahead. Few resources advantages (coal and iron) far from cities
As decline start, anti-Manchu & anti-Han views split empire
Why were they reluctant to modernize?
No financial need-- “center of the world”, they would be adopting barbarians’ ways; adverse social change
Benefits of Confucianism
-Civil Service Exam> Best and Brightest
-Healthy Society >> PEACE
-Creates order to society (Everyone knows their place)
It was the Qing Empire of China VS the 8 Nation Alliance (UK, Russia, Japan, France, US, Germany, Italy, Austria Hungary)
Taiping Rebellion (1853-1864): Hong Xiuquan
Hong Xiuquan believed he was BROTHER OF JESUS
Christian /Millennial in nature-- Anti-confucian; anti hierarchical; anti Manchu
Egalitarian: Land redistribution by family sizes; community holdings
Equality for women.
Dungan Rebellion (1862-1877)
Muslim peasant revolts in far western areas against chinese landlords and gov’t taxation
“Self Strengthening Movement” 1870s
“Chinese learning at the base, western learning for the use”
Use the gov’t to promote economic and military reform, industrialization
Main Confucian traditions, institutions
“East for essence, West for practical use”
“Hundred Days Reform” 1898
Modernizing the traditional exam system
Elimination of sinecures (positions that provide little or no work w/ salary)
Creation of modern education system (studying math and science instead of focusing mainly on Confucian texts, etc. )
Change gov’t from absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy w/ democracy
Follows loss to Japan in 1895 war
Reform of Confucian examination system; promises technological change
Threatens entrenched forces- derailed by Confucian officials allied to Empress
Cixi
Why did the Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901) break out?
Anti-Foreigner, Anti-Western, Anti-Christian
Nationalist Movement founded by the “Harmonious Fist”
Believe they are immune to bullets
Results: A lot of ppl died (over 100,000 ppl)
Elites Objection because of capitalism, less power, and rigged exams
The Last Emperor of China
Empress Dowager Cixi died on 1908
Puyi becomes emperor at age 2
1911: Perfect time for revolt
XII. Nationalist of China
Why did the Qing Dynasty Fall?
The Opium War, Sphere of Influence, Taiping Rebellions, Sino-Japanese War (1894),
Failure of Self-Strengthening Movement, Boxer Rebellions which lead to Indemnity
Payments to 8 Alliances, Dowager Empress agrees to change a little too late, Reformers frustrated by slow reforms, still high taxes and resentment of lower class
>>>NATIONAL HUMILIATION
Sun Yat-Sen
Reformer educated in West, Was in America during time of revolution, founded a
Chinese republic when he returned, became provisional president in 1912
3 Principles of the People (1905)
Principle of Nationalism
Principle of Democracy
5 Folds of Power--Legislative, Judicial, and Executive + Examination and
Censoring
Principle of People’s Livelihood
The Republic was weak though
-Bad infrastructure (lack of roads), no standardization (weights), poor banking system, feudal landords, don’t want to give up power, lack of organization
-Sun Yat-Sen forced to resign and General Yuan Shikai takes over
-A series of Gov’t follow until Chinese Civil War
XIII. Japan
-Weak military, Financial okay, taken over by imperialism, conservative, strategic geography, debating modernization, corrupt gov’t, isolated (mt., island, lack of resources”
Meiji Era (1862-1912)
Commodore Matthew Perry
United States is more powerful at the time
Can make Japan open up, on the way to China, military strategy steps, cooling station, more trading partners, alliance, haven for shipwrecked sailors
“To be enlightened, you must modernize”
Japan does selective modernize
Popular boardgame
Start by leaving Japn and studying various Western Capitals
Zaibatsu: Conglomerate of Industrial _______daimyo lead industry
Diet: The Lower house which has equal power as the upper house, consisting of elected officials
-Townsend Harris’s negotiation for the opening of several ports to US trade and residence, exchanging of ministers and granting extraterritorial priveleges for US residence in Japan
-Japan adopted imperialism as they felt vulnerable as their economy is weaker, territory is small, lacking in resources, and densely populated. There is also no natural outlet for expansion
-Fought Russia for Korea. Japan won even with a weaker armed military. Russia has difficult logistical problem along its new Trans-Siberian Railway and severe political instability
IX. US Imperialism
Roots of American Imperialism:
Admiral Alfred T. Mahan
1. America needs a large navy
2. American commerce needs protection
3. America needs naval bases for refueling
4. 1890-US is 3rd naval power, 2nd by 1906
-Mechanization: Need for New Markets
To keep islands out of Europe/Japanese hands
Social Darwinism
1. Defense>Navy> Stability
2. Balance of Power> Even colonial distribution
3. Social Darwinism
Hawaii: by 1880s> Sugar is 75% of wealth
1887: Hawaii king was forced to sign new constitution and allow a naval base at Pearl Harbor
1891: Queen Lil makes new constitution
1893: Revolution: Planters dispose Queen
1898: US Annex Hawaii
McKinley and the War
agnaized about the decision to go to war.
Feared that the taking of colonies would betray America’s commitment to representative
gov’t
Not sure whether US can be both Democracy and Empire
Secretary of State: John Hay
-Splendid Little War
-Better for US than Cuba and Filipines
Spanish American War:
Cuba
1. 2nd War of Independence (1895)
2. General Valeriano “The Butcher” Weyler is sent by Spain to restore order
300,000 Cubans to concentration camps
1000s died of hunger and disease
December 1897: Spanish Ambassador to US wrote a letter home that described President McKinley in insulting terms. Called him “weak” and a “would be politician, wannabe” who follow public opinion than shape it. Increased Anti-Spanish feeling in America
The Maine
Feb 15,1898: Explosions aboard sinks ship, killing 260, cause is unknown by Yellow Journalism blames Spain
April 20,1898: Congress declares war
Treaty of Paris of 1998
1. Cuba becomes independent
2. US gets Puerto Rico and Guam
3. US pays Spain $20 Million for Philippines
Cuban Independence
1900: Cuba draft constitution
1901: Platt Amendments US demands
a. no treaties w/ foreign nations that might weaken Cuban independence
b. No territory give to foreign nations
c. US may intervene at anytime
d. Guantanamo Bay to US leased in perpetuity (forever)
Filipino American War (1898-1902)
-Emilio Aguinaldo declares independence and resisted to US rule
-200,000 American troops sent to end uprising
-”Kill everyone over ten”
-Cost America $400 Million and 4,300 soldiers
-20,000-60,000 Filipino killed
-Philippines granted Independence in 1946
Taft-Katsura Agreement (1905)
Agreement affirmed that US and Japan would not change territorial status quo in Asia
America could have the Phillippines, Japan could have Korea.
Root-Takahira Agreement (1908)
The agreement re-affirmed that the US and Japan would not change territorial status quos in Asia
America could have Hawaii and Phillipines; Japan could have NE China (Manchuria) and Korea.
Roosevelt: Monroe Doctrine of 1823, not colonizing Latin America, Balance of Power
“Speak softly but carry a big stick”
Theedore Roosevelt and Panama Canal (Realpolitik)
Panama used to be federation of Colombia
Colombia didn’t want the Panama Canal to be built
US supported Panamaian Independence and got the canal when Panama was country
Dollar Diplomacy’s Goal
Less use of the Big Stick
More mutually profitable economic relations w/ foreign nations
Common investments would lead to cooperation, prosperity and peace
Nations that trade with each other and invest in each other, do not shoot at each other
Simple and Modern
US Businesses
UFCO (United Fruit Company) flooded Central America
Banana and Sugar Monopolies
By WWI, UFCO controls 65% of banana exports to US
El Pulpo
Owns land of Panama, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Cuba, Honduras
3 million acres of land by 1930s-given for free majority of land
Deal: To build infrastructure and to expand tax base of each countries
Banana Republic: Neologism
-Agricultural (monoculture), plutocratic, oligarchic, kleptocratic, dictatorial, servile
US Imperialism is Economic Imperialism
The treaty of Nanjing
World War I: 1914-1918
Germany(GE), Italy (IT), Austria-Hungary(AU-HU)---VS---Great Britain (UK), Russia(RU), France(FR)
M:Militarism
A:Alliances
I :Imperialism/ Industrialism
N: Nationalism
1910-1914: Increase in Defense Expenditure
Country
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1910-1914 Increase in Defense Expenditure
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France
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10%
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Britain
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13%
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Russia
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39%
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Germany
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73% (1870 to 1914, from 94 Million Euros to 398 Million Euros)
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Allied Powers: UK, FR, RU, IT (Later on, Italy switched sides from the Central to Allied)
Nicholas II (RU), George V(BR), Victor Emmanuel (IT), Pres. Poincore (FR)
Central Powers: GE, AU-HU, Ottoman Empire
Wilhelm I (GE), Frenz Josef (AU-HU), Enver Pasha (IT)
How was the fighting in WWI different from previous wars?
West Front: Trenches, 2 lines of trenches extend from the English Channel to the frontiers of Switzerland. They were dug out and it immobilized both sides of the trenches; stayed in the same position for the next 4 years. Trench warfare is a relative new method of fighting. Improvements in the technology of weapons ie. Machine guns: faster and shoots more rounds of ammunition. Trench warfare is less direct of an atk: less ppl would died through trench warfare than an direct atk. They can only move along the trenches. Ppl wasn’t expecting much change in the practice of war--they were expecting to come home at Christmas and was enriched with Nationalistic thoughts. Trench warfare was hellish though: landscape, deaths, injuries, hand grenades, machine guns and poisonous gas. War was 24 hours basically. No nights without hearing gunfire.
East Front: More mobilized but cost a lot of lives.
Allies help allies, they would either break alliances created by past treaties or they would help out their alliances.
American’s War Goals: 14 points and Treaty of Versailles: President Wilson’s 14 points
Goal: End the old international system based on imperial competition; to create a liberal international oder based on: National self-determination (democracy), economic integration (free trade) and collective security (the League of Nations)
Downside of Wilson’s plan: Overestimated his abilities to persuade the other victors; Europeans were reluctant to give up colonies and determined to punish Germany.
Wilson had 2 major tools that he could use to impose his will on UK, FR, and IT.
He could make a separate Peace w/ Germany
He could threaten to withhold American Economic aid and resources from the Allies if they didn’t go along w/ plan. But using these tactics threatedn to alienate the very gov’t he wanted to enlist in a cooperative, liberal international order.
1. No Secret Agreements
2. Freedom of seas (Britain objected: weaken power of Royal Navy)
3. Universal Free Trade (Countries (w/ the US ironically) continued to pass tariffs that limited foreign access to markets)
4. Reduced Armaments (Partially accepted) German armaments were severly limited in the Treaty and other powers maintained right to control their own military spending
5.Impartial treatment of Colonies (Rejected but some colonies were turned into Mandates and put on a very slow path to independence
6. GE out of RU approved: result was guaranteed when RU withdrew from war and signed a separate Peace w/ GE (1917)
7. Restoration of Belgium’s Independence (approved)
8. Return of Alsace-Lorraine region to FR (approved): FR also recieved the coal-rich Saar region from Germany
9. Improved borders for Italy (Partially Approved)
10. Self-Determination for AU-HU (approved)
11. Self Determination for the Balkans (approved) Yugoslavia: created from this portion of AU-HU. It lasted until it fell appart during the 1990s.
12. Self- Determination for Ottomans (partially approved)
13. Independence for Poland (approved)
14. A league of Nations: Provide for international collective security (partially approved): Organization was created but the US never joined… made it weak… (Congress rejected but Wilson would’ve definitely approved; the downside of having different political parties prevented it from being approved. Fun fact: George Washington didn’t want the American gov’t from having parties. Totally unrelated… LOL.
Wilsoniansim and European self determination (new countries):
1. RU>>> Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia
2. RU, AU-HU, GE>>> Poland
3. AU-HU>> Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Czechoslavakia, Romania, Bulgaria
4. Ottomans>>>Turkey. Other Ottoman territories became Mandates
And the “War Guilt Clasues” :”...the responisibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage …..as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies.” It says Germany is totally responsible…
And a commitment to anti-colonialism: Colonies such as Syria, Lebanon (France), and Palestine, Jordan and Iraq (Britain): carved up Middle East put it on a ‘path’ to independence causes problems
Wilson understood the treaty wasn’t perfect. Didn’t want it the perfect to become the enemy of the good. He thought it was a step in a right direction and away from imperialism and towards peace. Perfection is impossble. Not losing best option.
Wilson acquiesced (agreed) in Germany’s Parition. Denmark, Baltic, Poland, and Ethnic Germans living in different countires
No more AU-HU, Russia and Ottoman Empire!...
Mandates of Africa and Pacific is gone
Wilson's 14th points: Only way>>> 1/8/1918
Self Determination: the process by which a country determines its own statehood and forms its own allegiances and government.
Mandates: A system established during WWI whereby nation officially administered a territory (mandate) on behalf of League of Nations. Avoids tyranny and its easier to maintain as a whole. Nations are grouped together and can lead to increase nationalism for their race. Revolts chances go up.
Britain and France opposed to Wilson’s Proposal to make peace to Germany and not punish Germany. Britain and France both wanted to punish Germany. Britain got new prime minister who won the ballot from decisive electoral victory with the position of punishing. France wanted revenge and wanted their land back (reclaim Lorraine).
Wilson convinced Britain and France to create the League of Nations: Wilson guarantee France & Britain will receive land and help (when atked) FR and UK fear Germany and needed assistance in war in case of an random, rude atk.
Treaty of Versaille viewed badly on Germany because of the amt of debt is overwhelming high. It would take 80-90 years to pay off the debt. France and Britain took away the land Germany took away earlier.
Following land was taking away from Germany, Alsace and Lorraine> France, Eupen and Malmedy> Belgium, N. Schleswig> Denmark, Hultschin> Czechoslovakia, W. Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia> Poland
Germany’s army reduced to 100,000 men and no tanks. Germany forbid to unite w/ Austria to become super state.
3 vital clauses: War Guilt Caused, Germany responsible for war, League of Nations set up.
1918: Flu Pandemic: Depletes all armies-50,000,000-100,000,000 deaths
Everyone went home>>> Dead Bodies
Armenian Genocide
1915: Turkish Genocide against Armeanians
5,529,000 ppl died
Armistice Term (11/11/18) WWI ends: Treaty to stop fighting
Kaiser, Crown King, Hindenburg fled Germany and Russia to Holland
BTW: Germany technically didn’t lose
Liberal International Order
-National Self-Determination-Democracy
-Economic integration-Free Trade
-Collective Security
Market Economy VS Planned Economies
Genocide: deliberate, systematic extermination of a national, racial, political, or cultural group
Young turks flamed Turkish Nationalism
Armenians were Christian, different ethnic group than Muslim
Believed they were helping Russia during WWI
Armenians deaths: 2,000,000+
Mass Deporations: Means of … kill them en route Armenians marched to prison
Market
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Command (Planned)
|
Prices are set by supply and demand
If goods are scarce: Prices rise, profits rise and eventually more goods are produced
Individual producer attempting to maximize their profits determines supply of goods
Means of production: Privately owned
Investment decision: Capitalist trying to maximize profit based on best forecast about the direction of the economy
Building home is economical decision
Strength: Competition produces productivity
Weakness: “Boom and Bust” economy; unemployment
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Prices set by Gov’t
Rationing or “first come, first served”; gov’t may choose to respond by increasing production
Gov’t attempting to maximize gov’t goals
Means of production: State owned
Investment decision is made by gov’t planners based on decision about production of goods
Building a home is political decision
Strength: Few resources go unused; social goals given prority
Weakness: Few incentive to improve productivity; economically inefficient allocation of resources may occur due to gov’t decision
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War Communism:
1. Production should be run by state. Private ownership should be kept to minimum.
2. State control was to be granted over the labor of every citizen. Once a military army had served its purpose>>> Labor Army
3. State produces everything in its own undertakings. State tries to control the activities of millions of peasants
4. Extreme centralization: Economic life controlled by Bolsheviks. Supreme Economic Council. Had right to confiscate and requisition. The specialty of SEC: Manage Industires. 40 head departments (glavki) set up. one glavki could be responsible for 1000s of factories
5. State attempted to become the sole distributor as well as the sole producer. June 20, 1918 Bolsheviks decided that all surplus food had to be surrender to state. Increase in grain to state.
1917-1928 ¾ million ton was collected. 1920-1921: 6 million tons
Policy led to huge resentment in countryside. 1933: 25 million tons of grain collected
6. Attempt to abolish money as a means of exchange. Natural economy: All transaction carried out in kind.Gov’t revenue raising ability was chronically poor; abolished most taxes. Tax: Extraordinary Revolutionary Tax: targeted at the rich and not the workers
NEP: New Economic Policy: Based around a tax called prodnalog: tax on food. Prodnalog taxed ppl at a lower level than the level set for requisition and allowed them to keep the rest of what they produced.1922: half the grain taken by forced. Tax on potatoes. Allowed the cities to be fed and gave the farmers an incentive to produce as much as humanly possible.
October 1921: Lenin admitted there could be no going back to the limitations imposed by dogma of War Communism
1922: Tax Limited to just 10%, success of the NEP obvious. 1921: Russia famine
May 1922: Fear subside and agricultural production was at a healthy 75% of 1913 level. Light industry benefited from the healthy situation found in agriculture. They had to produce goods for the peasants and the success of the peasants stimulated production.
Franco-Prussian War: Germany benefits: Gain Alsaic and Lorraine, bankrupts France
Dual Alliance: AU-HU<>GE
3 Emperor’s League: GE<>AU-HU<>RU (Secret Treaty)
Triple Alliance: GE<> AU-HU<>IT
Franco-Russian Alliance: FR<>RU
Anglo-Japanese Alliance: JAP<>UK
Entente Cordiale: FR<>UK
Anglo Russian Entente: UK<>RU
Pan-Slavism: Balkans: Powder Keg
1878 Ottoman smaller
Archduke Franz: Assassin: Garrilo Princip--NOT THE GOV’T
Machine Gun: Rapid Fire Weapons forced soldiers underground, Increased casualties, fired 600 bullet per minutes, Decreased movements of ground forces
Poison Gas: Poison gas grenades, ie. Mustard Gas, choke or blind victims give blisters, gas grenades and gas mask invented in Germany Poison Gas: A new weapon type used in the war
Different type: Blind, Choke, Burn Limited Value: Wind, Gas Mask
Tank: Provide defense from machine guns & gas, moved slowly at 3 mph, intially a British invention
Air and Sea Warfare: Submarines, First developed in Germany (U-Boats), combat against British superior surface fleet, ships traveled in convoys as defense
Airplanes: American invention, not very common in WWI, participated in famous but rare, dogfights
Zeppelin: Germany airship, or blimps, bomb enemy cities, 1915-1916: Over 40 zeppelin raids, killing almost 500 British
Total Warfare: Each nation used entirety of its resources to achieve victory, “War of Attrition: fight continues until one side wears out the other, Civilian (non-military) targets become part of the strategy of “total” war, Conscription (drafting soldiers) of male Population
Final Cost: Human lives: Army Death, 8 mill, Civilian Death, 8 mill, Wounded 21 million (6 permanent human wrecks), Property over $56 Bill, Money $200 Bill
Schieffen Plan:Invade Belgium to invade France, surround France, Russia
US Intervention help end WWI
More women pick up work
Heroism
Verdun: 5,000 casualties
Somme: July-Nov. 1916: 60,000 British casualties in one day, 1 mill in 5 months, Germany 40 mill. and withdrew
Morale began to collapse towards end of year
Zimmerman Telegram
Mexican Revolution:
Social/ Economic Issues: 70% rural, 95 % rural pop owned no land, 84% illiterate, one doctor for every 5000, ½ children died before age one from whooping cough, malaria or yellow fever
Porfirio Diaz: Poor Mestizo Background, Stability, Foreign Investment, Law and order, deals ruthlessly w/ any opposition, no freedom of speech.
Porfiriato: forced to work on Hacienda
Start: Election of 1910, Reformer Francisco Madero ran against Diaz, Madero Jailed by Diaz, and Diaz wins
Madero calles for revolution., Emiliano Zapata and Francisco “Pancho” Villa begins uprising, Diaz flees to Europe, Nov. 1911 Madero named president but deemed ineffective
Gen. Victoriano Huerta overthrew Madero in 1913, Huerta executes Madero, sets up civil war, Civil war doesn’t end until 1920
Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapata and Alvaro Obregon fought against Huerta.
1915 Huerta defeated and Carranza declared himself president
Conclusion: Violence from 1911-1920
Zapata tricked and murdered by Carranza
Carranza murdered by his general Obregon,Obregon assassinated in 1918
Pancho Villa: killed in 1923 mysterious death
900,000 Mexicans came to US btwn 1910-1920.
Destruction: Cost 1 mill+ lives, No major banks or newspaper survived, ruined much of economy
Carranza: Constitution of 1917
